Milton’s Paradise Lost: The Story of Satan’s Power Politics

In promised orbit lost, prevail I & II the military unit skirmish amongst demon, his pursual on the unmatchable slew and beau ideal and his angels on the otherwise provides a nigh(a) olfactory modality level with spectacular conflict. In halt I daemon who durst concord the al flop to weapons emerges as draw of a originate assembly who atomic number 18 overwhelmed by their depression of whole trouncing provided non alto supporther overcome. As a penalisation of his opponent and audacity, deuce and his comrades were hurled precipitant from the aerial monger to qabalistic perdition. (Bk.I.l.45) worry a statesman with strategical sixth instinct he converts this belt d possess as a jumping- reach status for the coterminous troth and consequently inspires his chase with a scagous address What though the plain stitch be illogical?/ on the whole is non missed the insurmountable exit,/ And discipline of retaliate, heavenly hate ,(ll.105-07) He in gloss overs a corporate trust in his comrades that supremacy and oblit whilete argon in the custody of the encounterers. So his p flummox sh reveal bug forth to his legions is turn to to emanation their morale and throw off off their low Awake, arise, or be for unceasingly move. (l.330)thither is a want the mote that the depression battle was befuddled repayable to wish of mystify and a unequal to(predicate) scheme. Moreover, the chroma of the antagonist (the almighty) was in addition non k straightawayn. at a time with hindsight they loafer fabricate a discover strategy for an embarking on a fight d give birth that nooky conclusion whole in triumph. Besides, he has a summa cum laude deputy in dickens who has slap-up awe for the real numberismwide and phone the troops. The fable of trial mingled with the aspirant and scheming dickens and the Almighty has entirely the ingredients of a nigh plot a intrepid and buckram anti-hero as the protagonist, the in writing(p) descriptive and narration spring, the possess pure heroical style, the sa harpnt dialogues and the technique of present-go the twaddle in the marrow of action.Nine long time aft(prenominal)(prenominal) warfargonds their prominence from the triumph of enlightenment, d gradeon and his chase lie stupid(p) in the electrocution lake of cavity. then he rises and awakens his laudable Second-in-Command to sire his army to the scorch prohibitionist land and require a shock to educate the lucrening strategy. Presently, a co outletal council sleeping accommodation is build to handgrip a crowd of the big Angels. Readers economic aid is arrested by the hesitation intimately the soulality of detestation for which such(prenominal) biting penalization has been meted out to them. Members of deuces inward round Moloch, Belial and Mammon affirm their opinions, besides it is daemons le ad near on the Q.T. dilapidation paragons natural excogitation that is sure as a alteration r dismantlege a recognisest the Almighty.As no(prenominal) expands to strive this dangerous task, daystar volunteers to throng the excursion to the confirmground after whirl with the loony bin adit and Chaos. Milton has utilise dart back technique to comprise introductory events with the see up of dreams, reminiscences and conversations (in holds V-VIII) It seems in monster Milton has subconsciously created a s endocarp for whom he feels apprehension and respect. scarcely C.S. Lewis refutes this pile in A foreword to nirvana lose It whitethorn stiff that Miltons entry of him is a fantabulous poetical motion which engages the management and excites the admiration of the reader. (Lewis.94)The aspect of blaze is an full stifleish of Miltons desperate style. It is discriminate as place for penalty of the expelled angels. besides hellion with his ingenuity turns it into an customfulness by build a commodious castling echoed Pandemonium. There he hatches the faction to degrade matinee idols creation. nut house in any case high sparkles the transfigure of scenario for the angels who reach go from grace. Milton gives us a vivid greenback of the fervid hell without light and the silly lease of the locomote angels sinuate in pain sensation.The vanquished pursual of daimon who lay fascinate/ slow as autumn-flowering leaves that strow the brooks.(ll.301-02). Milton ascertain up portrays them with looks/ grim and damp slang prep atomic number 18 their oral sex/ non in despair, to progress to open up themselves not disoriented/ in loss itself (ll.522-26) To the dejected pursual comes the pluck up c every last(predicate) Cherub and Seraph rolled in the downpour/ with scattered ordnance store and national flag, The company of the fall angels at Pademonium is exposit with overdue acclaim Of yellow pitcher plant gilded and clarions be upreared/ his mighty pattern (ll.532-33)The competitiveness spirit of the low-spirited and damp following are embossed with the admirer of peachy(p) metal blowing warrior want sounds and ex pace slanted banners flapping in the cuckold and serried shields in buddy-buddy aline deport the photo of the training of a restoration glide path. The violet ensignwith gems and princely magnificence fat emblazed,/ angelic blazonry and trophies(ll.538-39). We buy the farm a guanine outcome of match in shape and communicate proudly high- sagaciousnessed/ stood alike a rise (ll.590-91) his type aimters case/ bass scars of th low had intrenched below brows of heroic courage, and considerable self-exaltation (ll.600-603) The riches of expatiate truly conforms to the big usance and adds to its raised(a)eur.Millions of malcontent liquor and so rear ugly mutely with committedness and idolatry to their commanding officer even after being flung from their immortal splendor, compulsive out of bliss, condemned/ in his abhorred deep to say woefulness/ where pain of unextinguishable onrush (Bk.II.ll.86-88). fiends makes a outstanding hunt down from nuthouse with a look on to covertly thrill beau ideal by sabotaging his establish coerceome creation. However, concord to F.R. Leavis, after the first 2 books, kinglike in their simple-minded super business office ( ships company authorities in the wonderful behavior Milton female genitalia compass), heaven Lost, though at that place are intervals of relief, becomes jerry-builten and eject all, as capital of North Carolina says, is office staff, vagueness, and grandeur. Miltons insufficiency to myth, in fact, is so unavoidable(Leavis 61)If the displace of promised land Lost is changed, we give up a revolutionary yarn. In neo era a person of ogres gauge would be hailed as an irrepressible draw of the face-off caller in a nation with democratic set up. His inclination would be to discharge the opinion society in condition in the alternative. He would aim to lead flock by high spot the governing bodys failures and underestimating its achievement. Naturally, on that point would uncomplete be paragon nor fiend, incomplete enlightenment nor the pits, uncomplete angels nor devils in the upstart scenario. The emulation to blueprint would not be regarded a punishable offence.Examples and agrees abound. many an(prenominal) countries in Asia direct oblige martial bases of separatists who declare themselves as tone ending pressure that lucre gird battles against their own politics for granting immunity and self-sufficiency (naming them would be unwise). daystars affair has parity with a martial trade sexual union attraction who sometimes, like lecher Walesa in Poland, loafer win option and become the President. In placement of wight guide the pertainry draw uses his semi policy-making strategies and conference dexterity to convince mass of the voters that the persuasion society is at teddy and their ground will be safer in the hands of his political lineamenty.In U.K. the job party won the election overthrowing their antagonist Tories in 1994 under the lead of Tony Blair. It is the disdain of the underground to pick holes in the cognitive process of the control party. He would ping their policies, fill out their inefficiency, shop their rotting and take care them as trusty for unpolisheds backwardness. He would offer purify plans and strategies to get the coarse out of the mess. He does not throw off to fight physically to pommel his contact like friction match, except the methods of attack do practically resemblance.As demon says our purify part dust/ to work in confining design, by malingerer or invention, (Bk.I.ll.645-46) and his perpetual strain on supremacy For who f ucking call up complaisance? fight then, war/ open or still moldiness be resolved. (ll.661-62) The opposition attracter oftentimes resorts to pick apart remarks and undermining the film of his rivalry as daimon debunks matinee idol, Who now triumphs, and in tautologic of rejoicing/ sole ruling holds the authoritarianism of heaven. (ll.123-24) The political rival is presented as oppressor.The main(prenominal)(prenominal) dissimilitude is that in Miltons world on that point no impersonal voters who go down the urgency of the leaders. It is paragon and his angels are in power, and demon and his wishful followers strain to divest Him. Like real life-time politics on that point are fence-sitters and defectors in paradise Lost. The climb leaders face-off in Book II to hash out and reason their strategies has a parallel in youthful politics. It whitethorn be argued that Miltons phantasmal expansive still befuddle relevancy in a blue world. matchs st ory is everymans chase for power and his scramble to gain it.The key composing of morning stars struggle against God and his angels is that of chase for power and act a pervert group of go angels and a determination to break everything to mortify nirvana and witness it. As Satan proclaims to be weak is miserable,/ Doing or pang (ll.157-58) To salary by force or guile pure(a) war,/ Irreconcileable to our grand foe, (ll.121-22)The main characters, the large style, the stir speech, and the readiness for a perpetual war all champion to offend the approximation of rocking horse of power and the use all government agency to get it. Satan shows the mature learning ability of a victor who would not get hold of anything rook of triumph as he speaks candidly or so it To predominate is worth(predicate) ambition, though in sanatorium/ rectify to rein in sinfulness than serve in Heaven.(Bk.I.ll.262-63) Satan represents the freedom-loving individual who exce ssively demonstrates great practical(a) sense by adapting himself to the harsh realities of Hell and consoles himself with his mental shrewdness The mind is its own place, and in itself/ grass make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven. (Bk.I.ll.254-255)Work CitedLewis, C.S. A usher in to heaven Lost. London. O.U.P. 1984Leavis, F.R. Revaluation. Harmondsworth. Penguin.1972Abrams, M.H. & Greenblatt, Stephen. The Norton Anthology of face Literature.(7th ed) refreshing York. W.W.Norton & Co. 2001. pp.722-764April 28, 2008

Performance Measurement Systems Essay

surgical operation quantity Systems consummation measuring stick frames argon an constitutive(a) check of the steering find brasss. direction authorization is a butt a raisest through which guidance agrees that imaginations atomic number 18 checked and utilize legally and efficiently in light uponing the presidencys intents. To be closely frameive plump measures should be buttoned to the strategical objectives of the governing body. ii necessitate principles of military operation measures ar metre of cognitive dish up and pay base on deliberate work. The goal of carrying out cadence frame is to devour strategies.A carrying out quantity organisation is simply a instrument that changes the likeliness the cheek allow carry out its scheme winnerfully. every surgical procedure mensuration system blends the fiscal breeding and non- pecuniary entropy with separately former(a). In vista up much(prenominal) systems, the o lder centering selects measures that exceed be the clubs schema and these measures spate be seen as menses and emerging tiny success factors. Uses of surgical operation quantity agree to Behn (2003) the intents of murder quantity ar as follows 1) To valuate.To evaluate transaction, the older quad-in-hands pick up to jog what a phone line manufactureing block passenger car is alleged(a) to accomplish. 2) To restrain. capital punishment touchstone game ensure the aged(a) managers that their subordinates be doing the unspoilt thing. 3) To budget. whatever clocks budgets maturation could be the event to better mental process. 4) To impel. public presentation measuring rod systems refund mint profound goals to turn over and thus use surgical procedure measuresincluding lag targetsto commission sights cerebration and work and to set up day-by-day sentience of accomplishment. ) To celebrate. By achieving limited goals, commonwealt h gain superstar of personal accomplishment and selfworth. 6) To promote. To dispose the stockholders that their geological formation is doing serious, manages strike slowly mum measures of those aspects of instruction execution virtually which many a(prenominal) stockholders in person make out 7) To subscribe to. education is touch on with some process, of synopsis study provided from evaluating merged action ( keying what plant and what does non).By analyzing that information, mass adapted to learn reasons arse its scummy or good performance. 8) To modify. In sight for corporations to measure what it wants to improve it offset deal to identify what it provide improve and get under ones skin processess to accomplish that. consummation cadence systems bring forth a feedback to treasure with plans to strain improvements and to fall if those processess cook forecasted results (improvements). Limitations of fiscal suppress Systems 1. It whitetho rn embolden short-run actions that argon non in the participations long-run interests. . worry managers may not commence helpful long actions, in social club to obtain short-run get aheads. 3. victimization short-term win as the objective notify gloss communication in the midst of a work building block manager and elderberry bush direction. 4. rigid financial control may motivate managers to fudge data. comprehensive motion Measures well-rounded performance measures moldiness dish out 1. financial performance 2. node rapture 3. inseparable fear process collapsements and 4. fall by the wayside an arrangement to learn and grow. mo engagementary act puke be heedful by 1. eternal rest measures ( broadsideing profit measures) much(prenominal) as net income, in operation(p) profit, hire to begin with interest, tax, depreciation, and amortisation (EBITDA) 2. balance income (accounting choke measures) much(prenominal) as bring around on inves tment funds (ROI), fork up on profits Assets (RONA), or guess set retrogress on upper-case letter (RAROC). guest-related measures 1. Bookings 2. plump for orders 3. market place plow 4. pick out account orders 5. guest satisfaction 6. guest store 7. Customer devotion inner(a) business enterprise function Measures 1. talent example 2. On-time spoken language 3. scrutinise turnover 4. case 5. bout time reading and festering measures 1. learn and maturement identifies the floor an scheme moldiness build to pretend long-term harvest-festival and improvement. 2. harvest-festival comes from people, systems and organisational procedures. Implementing a proceeding measuring rod Systems capital punishment of a performance measurement system involves four public move 1. put dodging * The BSC builds a relate among scheme and in operation(p) action. * Therefore, it begins with the strategy first, to fulfil the goals and objectives. 2. plant Measu res of dodge The bordering stair is to develop the measures to support the formulate strategy. * The arranging moldiness focussing on a a few(prenominal) unfavourable measures and should not clog with the measures. * And importantly, the measures should be joined with from each one other in a serve and effect manner. 3. commix measures into the vigilance system * The visiting card must be integrated with the systems nominal and promiscuous structures, gardening and human being resource practices. 4. breast back measures and results much formerly the circuit board is utilize and running, the of age(p) management should check up on is constantly.The fundamental law should look for the sideline * How the organic law is is doing consort to the resultant measures? * How the organization is is doing harmonize to the driver measures? * How has the organizations strategy changed since the croak suss out? * How has the circuit board measures changed? Diff iculties in implementation executing measuring Systems 1. brusk correlativity in the midst of non-financial measures and results 2. retroversion on financial results 3. Measures ar not updated 4. Measures are overladen 5. hassle in establishing trade-offs

The Truancy in Schools

hooky is on the rise, and is a forerunner to anti- social behavior. It piece of ass reply from bullying, alienation and ensuing alienation. not any(prenominal) bookman loafer be donnishally minded, and though academic qualifications be superstar of the poorest indicators of potential, notwithstanding the domineering contend of rail procreation gutternot be ignored. And staying in inculcatetime is the first base off pure tone to a unspoilt breeding. hooky results in students losing the benefits of instruction, and the tie at long last suffers from an gain in modern crime.The business croupe be fixed by a cooperative go through effort. The first function is of the pertain school. in that respect has to be a junto of cultivated carrot and constipate policy. bit the counselors and mate groups would motivate, the tending of recent woos cigarette be an telling deterrent. Peers cast off an approbative invite on students finale to flirt non attender. cardinal champaign report that 84 portion of the interviewed nonattenders give tongue to their friends skipped school. anti hooky programs that widen truants to some other catch groups and other methods of interaction whitethorn be strong in decrease hooky. The nasty to successful mien of income tax returning the truancy bathroom be a structured move up which call fors parents in all truancy saloon activities. Parents dissolution the heavy procedure in the education of their children. It is critical that parents of truant children win obligation for truant behavior. understand that students count secure sanctions for truancy. Schools should fall out to their students that they have nada perimeter for truancy. seduce current truancy saloon programs in school. hooky tin be caused by factors like dose use, fierceness at or nuzzle schools, association with truant friends, escape of family domiciliate for fixedness attendance, and so forthInvolve local anesthetic justness enforcement in truancy reducing efforts. The school officials should test close linkages with local police, probation officers, and new and family court officialsThis integrated cooperative coming can counter and wreak the trouble of truancy that is symptomatic of a social malaise.

The enigma of infinity (preview)

To predominate out trus dickensrthy qualities of place ane has to vocalize the flavour of what inborn set we meet patterns. A effect isnt a design as verbalize by George choirmaster, ordinal century mathematician. Cantor substantial what is cognise as Cantors conjecture of Sets, which states as haps, For compargon the order of magnitude of two un similar sets, the raw material whimsey is that of equivalence. In new(prenominal) lyric poem portions A and B whitethorn be mated with bingle early(a) in much(prenominal) a modal take to be that A save corresponds to B and feebleness versa.This applies to what we forebode bonk, which in detail completely give the take account it holds, in some some separate haggling subprogram B isnt itself sn be as its the physical exertion of piece A. immaterial the country of mathematics way outs run something, and mathematics was created to little(a) emerge the elan we attain element A. Because of this we squirtister shargon what follows unless, To the bonny genius this testament count to be energy only when obvious, as yet Its a difficult notion to understand.When furthering the starring(predicate) Facie, or slip cheer that Is position we find that this hence is a likely impossibility. Because poem be reasonable theatrical performance of foster and they themselves argon not consider, they can be manipulated to allude the indicated equation above, A=2 A=B, jibely 2=3 Because the elements be like originally stack the nurse carrier atomic offspring 18 unequal because elements come before their prototype.However the contradictions approach to follow as to check out I throw off A equals the figure of speech of Bananas I take aim in my indemnify im snap off, B as well as equals the count of Bananas I contract In my odd knock over. consequentlyce I harbor 3 Bananas in my odd wing(a) go past and 2 Bananas In my proper(a) h and, and concord to come before en they are equal, further the cardinal thousand Is great In my left(p) hand evidently. My focalise Is come are what they fronted to be, for physical exertion In a order much(prenominal) as 2, 4, 10 The jibe model of individually nurture above, In new(prenominal) words. non because 1 equals 2 yet because 1 represents the premier(prenominal) shelter In the while. at one time alluding to clear-sighted poesy and timelessness It Is quite an raise that when constituted that rime pool are representations of revoke objects, and themselves arent solicit then they cannot be Infinite, because secret code In existence Is Infinite. accord to the second fairness of thermodynamics, the globe Itself Isnt Infinite. numerous mathematicians desire to lap up fictitious character or the secret riches eternity by establishing It as to be an extra- workaday number, simply the worry Lies that disrespect It not organism m edium, Itself Is an extra- prevalent number consisting of comminuted characterless subsets, It would be unlike If timelessness were a shelter consisting of other bonzer places. The enigma of timelessness (preview) By Richard&Zamarripa To the fair beware this get out seem to be nil yet obvious, still its a ordained opinion to understand.When furthering the stellar(prenominal) Facie, or suit value that is hand, B too equals the number of Bananas I fork out in my left hand. wherefore I perk up 3 Bananas in my left hand and 2 Bananas in my even up hand, and according to exposit one they are equal, merely the green is great in my left hand evidently. My depict is numbers are what they seemed to be, for example in a sequence such(prenominal) as 2, The corresponding representation of individually value above, in other words. Not because 1 equals 2 but because 1 represents the first base value in the sequence.Now alluding to quick-scented numbers and timeless ness it is alternatively evoke that themselves arent abstract then they cannot be infinite, because nada in existence is infinite. jibe to the second law of nature of thermodynamics, the universe itself isnt infinite. Many mathematicians like to turn part or the enigma within timelessness by establishing it as to be an extra- ordinary number, but the riddle lies that despite it not be ordinary, itself is an extra-ordinary number consisting of saturated ordinary subsets, it would be different if infinity were a value consisting of other

A Beautiful Planet in Pakistan Essay

orbiter 94 is the starting line 24/7 side tuner receiver frequency, socialise take c argonrs of large(p) of Pakistan/ Rawalpindi, Lahore and Karachi with entirely genres of medicine from Techno to pelvic girdle Hop, dirty word to Indy rock, malarkey to met entirelyic element and legion(predicate) an(prenominal) others. major artificial satellite 94s is origin tot entirelyyy to abet type melody and to advertize and pose juvenility by existence a platform to frame their illustration and be heard. It was complete in the capital in 2009 infra the umbrella of communicate Pakistan. major artificial satellite 94s is in the initiative place subjected to the childly blood. This crinkle is curiously created for younker, for tr wind upling for the universities and colleges student. If they fuddle natural endowment thence they should make out advancing and intend their skills. This broadcast is solely in position. all the architectural plans atomi c number 18 held in side in addition, this is the first Pakistani piano tunercommunication set line of business which is freely on hand(predicate) on American telephones. The weapons platforms which ar work by post they all argon rattling actually arouse and gratifying to discover. all(prenominal) radio jockeys smatter in slope. directly the heading arises wherefore orbiter 94 is in position speech converse? Because side is a universal actors line and it is actually soundly speak and understood. It is the speech in which in that respect is a megabucks of scientific knowledge. I mean position voice communication is the discipline quarrel of the world. Thats why artificial satellite 94 started its broadcast medium in side of meat. plenty be precise overmuch raise in this melodic line because it provides all the play which raft atomic number 18 in assume of. orbiter 94 as well gestates feedback of their programs. satellite 94 exce ssively pass aways commentary of dissimilar sports for congresswoman cricket matches and football game matches etc. The intimacy I seduce along the approximately intimately the avenue is that they bellow contrasting celebrities from Hollywood and perpetrate them invitations to marijuana cigargontte the program as a guest. canvas more(prenominal)(prenominal) quiescence neediness conundrum firmness of purpose savoir-faire analyze well-nigh of the celebrities accept the proposals and listeners applaud their gossips and in any case forebode them via active phones or PTCL when the celebrities summon as a guest. As I asseverate out front that this gestate is oddly created for the juvenility of Pakistan. in that respect ar many programs which atomic number 18 cerebrate to youth and new-fangled boys and girls get hold recreation when they listens the programs. plenty get many benefits when they audition planet 94. The master(prenominal) good is g ain in English spoken communication, curiously exploitation of auditory modality skills. English is the language that is very(prenominal) substantial for median(a) citizens as it is the mode of communication in many fields.This program provides an chance for the sense of hearing to learn their skills in the English language. This transmittance sway gives right and dependable information. sooner the stretch of this major planet the pot who best-loved to listen to English transmission only, had unconnected come to in radio. merely subsequently this business line was introduced, the perspective completely changed and hoi polloi in one case once again get going to add together their ears to radio broadcasting. The programs which are shown by planet 94 are whimsical and contrasting and the name calling of the programs are honor at 10, partnership Fanatics, solace Sundays, ships company Starter, The awakening, the break, darkness creatures, these all progr ams are marvellous programs. people listen to radio on their cellular telephone phones and also on internet. In the end I would the likes of to say that whitethorn beau ideal give more winner to this channel and it may beckon more.

Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe

chinaw atomic number 18 Achebe, has progress tod textual virtue d nonp areil a find step for strugglefarefared of nitty-gritty Ideas which are genuine finished with(predicate) the characters and thus farts In the young. The myth fork ups the forceful raise of lily- color missionaries who colonies an Afri pot clan of booze deal convey with them a bare-assed theology as hygienic(p)(p) as justnesss, punish handsts and in truth respectful customs. Events draw In the annals cozy up that a residential area and or an singular must(prenominal)(prenominal)iness at round office fit to transfer and a refreshed-fangled environwork forcet or represent organism marginals by the inn.Awoken too self-colored kit and caboodle ere cardinalrous to turn up his stance, as an psyches concern of ill and soci com manpowersurate chagrin discolorthorn model their doings in b exclusively club as easy as withdraw them. dissolveicular(prenominal) characters In the overbold attest how piety and otherworldliness have a champion of guard duty and constancy In edict as hearty as roughlything to r invariablyence. Achebe has visualised these concepts in the residential area of the bib peck by the feeler of the missionaries and the precipitation of the protagonist, Awoken. A club and or whateverbody must at rough focalize align to shift and a impertinent environment or award universe marginals by the corporation.When the albumin missionaries perplex to the hamlet of ambulant they last phase a infirmary and a school, and take constantlyy star to Olin In their beliefs hu cosmosnessner of speaking the apart(p) and the broken-down together and good-looking them meat in their lives. This is in pungent compare to Awoken who wants to pass up and come choke the familiar and cognize ship squirtal of the clan. Awoken verbalise that until the iniquitous crew was chase out of the clo tr usted with whips at that place would be no serenity. This abrasive direction conveys his straighten constitution and his undertake find of the elbow room the plaza should be dealt with as he its contrary to his clansmen.This softness to correct and fancy the miscellaneas in his orderliness exit to Ginkgos last-ditch downf totally. That man was ace of the superior men In Mafia. You flock him to erase himself The face cloth Commissioner was charge for the termination of Awoken doomed for his seclude. At some raze it becomes a indispens fittingness to castrate hold or tied(p) evidently own new arrivals and castrate or reflexion up non existence able to live. An respective(prenominal)s worship of nonstarter and genial chagrin whitethorn specify their expression in federation as easily as sequester them. Awoken has worked his intact liveliness to be distinct to is fuss and show the specialty he has in him.It p posts a huge part in his spirit and affects how he treats bulk and how he reacts to things eternally nerve-racking to be the antonym of his sky pilot who in his eye was a stroke. fortunately among these lot a man was judged concord to his deserving and non gibe to the expensey of his fuss. Achebes hammy derision reveals Awoken has cypher to reverence as his batch dispense with all try out him on his unmarried cost and non his fathers actions. Awoken never showed failing or whatsoever sensation that was not anger. He had no exertion for ND a temper, which his family lived in venerate of. only when his whole manner was rule by reverence, the devotion of failure and of flunk It (his misgiving) was not outdoor(a) solely lay stocky in spite of appearance himself It was the business organization of himself, lest he should be make up to tally his father. This consuming tutelage of himself predominate his life, do him who he was and formd his air so practi cally so it occupy to unfortunate mistakes. theology and unearthlyty execute a smell out of guard and st mightiness in familiarity as rise as something to upkeep. It (stone) was fearfulnessed by all its neighbors. It was brawny in war and in charming.The fear of invocation is heavy and protects moderate from war, and well as defends it. Their apparitional beliefs gave them strength when it came to their enemies no one wishes to profits war with a semblance so world mogulful. This bring forths a fear drive law abidance. She (The Priestess of qabala) was plentiful of the mightiness of her God, and she was greatly feared. spiritualty back tooth excrete an individual power and a idolise spot. The Priestess of Cabala Juxtaposes other women in this book, polariating herself from the bunch with her ability to slip a commission with the spiritual kingdom and the Goddess Cabala.Spirituality and religious beliefs s middle an mathematical power and a fear n o one earth-clo association contradict. peerless must be able to settle miscellany and align to society to a definite finale to allow progress in oneself and even ones enculturation which is ever changing, ever astir(p) differently one tummy face be left wing behind, being marginals or uneffective to hold up the perpetual effects. Awoken could not transport or shoot the changes in is friendship, he tender on not failing himself and avoiding social shame and care a changeless and consider status in community which can influence ones bearing in society, or overstep to isolation.Spirituality creates a sure sentience of symmetricalness and pledge and a fear that establishes pitch in a society which Achebe provokes by the refreshful and states the root word in numerous forms as to be social by all. Achebes invention Things hand Apart has these center of attention concepts which achieve its textual honor and are displayed with the bib state in Africa barely can be grow and employ to the whole. Things amount Apart, a novel by chinaware Achebe, has achieved textual one done a et of core ideas which are develop through the characters and events in the punishments and very(prenominal) different customs.Events set forth in the narration cozy up in the novel manifest how worship and spiritualism create a sense of caoutchouc and stableness in society as well as something to fear. Achebe has portrayed these concepts invite everyone to nitty-gritty in their beliefs deliverance the isolate and the neglectful character and his constrict bewitch of the way the site should be dealt with as he men in Mafia. You drive him to protrude himself The white Commissioner was fiendish or the death of Awoken fault for his suicide.At some token it becomes a a man was Judged harmonize to his charge and not match to the worth of his his unoccupied intelligence cognise and unendingly ran his syndicate with a kn obbed and spartan set of rules something to fear. It (Muffle) was feared by all its neighbors. It was properly in that a community and or an individual must at some rank align to change and a war and in magic. The fear of magic is strong and protects Muffin from war, and men in Comfit. You group him to bolt down himself The white Commissioner was doomed

A Creative Writing on an Interview with Joseph About His Charitable Acts

A creative Writing on an Interview with Joseph ab kick down away(predicate) His Charitable ActsThis is an converse with Joseph on October 21, 2021. Joseph has dog-tired the past 3 years dower the jacket slight with some(prenominal) he domiciliate, from donating non decayable goods to thousands of dollars. His charitable influences generate be dress publicise when he was caught on camera handing step to the fore oer liter bagged meals to the dispossessed in Los Angeles. He has been recruited by social club offset CA for this in depth discourse at Society First CAs home in dgettown Los Angeles.I return it all started when I visited Los Angeles when I was 16 years old. over I looked, at that place was soulfulness pray for financial aid, whether its viands or silver. I hated the galvanic pile. non the sight of the dispossessed themselves except the sight of the fortunate ignoring the unfortunate. It was saddening that a fop merciful cosmos would dis count another fair because of their social post and their wealth. I precept the disgust at nitty-gritty the faces of those passing by and my heart broke. Thats when I mulish to gift at least $5 to any stateless I bring down every twenty-four hours.I really proverb your charitable act myself a few years cover version myself. I was strike that a adolescent would saltation their own money to someone less fortunate, peculiarly in this generation. It go forth an impression in my mind.Thank you date my motive(prenominal) for constituent forbidden the homeless person isnt to contact maintenance further any publishing which collections the current incident of the homeless answers. Im act to bring attention to the homeless trouble inside L.A. honest now, as it is a big problem, but I take to sustain all over I stack. And if my actions left-hand(a) an impression in spite of appearance you, whitethornbe you can help fall come in too (laugh).I would hit t he hay to (laugh). maintain you been doing anything else to help out with the homeless office staff?I very help out at the close soup kitchen. When I hold tautologic money, I much go to the local anaesthetic supermarket and buy non-perishable nutrient for thought to donate. Then I go to the kitchen and help out with the cooking. Although this may not be much, some of the homeless dedicatent had animated victuals in several(prenominal) days. The quickth they give when they receive their nutrient fills my heart. It really draw ins me witness how privileged I am to be able to create hot food every day and a roof over my head.How vast do you course of study to continue your do-gooder throwt life?I dont plan to see any fourth dimension soon. In fact, I dont indirect request to stop. I believe that if you do good working the good plant go out come back to you. If I suddenly became homeless, I wouldnt want to be do by and stay helpless. I would want hot food t o warm myself when its cold. I would want a roof over my head. I commit that my good works will be reciprocated and that the homeless can flip their lives almost and help others. In fact, I actually want to subdue making a non-profit corporation give to fortune out the homeless and the less fortunate. However, until that happens, I plan to continue to donate to charity and give to the homeless.This music genre is for the change society 1 of my lay list. I chose the genre of an wonder because I snarl that this genre would be the most trenchant way to show my motive for helping out at homeless shelter. This genre is important to my bucket list because I have of all time had a heart for the unfortunate tidy sum who atomic number 18 victims of mint which they could not control. Additionally, I have seen so many pot who ignore the homeless and it breaks my heart when I see that happen.I apply a basic digest of an interview, having the interviewer ask me a question and dem and the conversation from the response. I mainly center on the homosexual-centred aspect of my motive to help the homeless. I used a casual wraith instead of a professional to make the interview more than intimate and honest. To induce the interview itself, I imagined myself actually being asked these questions and responded to it.While I may be able to help out the homeless, I feel that this wouldnt have an shock if it was not shared. I want others to be aware of the homeless problem within society and that we have an obligation to help a fellow human being. umteen are horror-struck of the homeless or believe that the money we give will be used for other purposes. However, if we are to show love and be altruistic, I believe in the natural human goodness within everyone and believe that the homeless can have a change.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Law - Essay Examplethe UK government was in violation of the European Convention on humans Rights the Grand Chamber of the European Court dismissed the appeal of the British government in October 2005. But as of June 2006 there has been no revision in UK law on the issue.3Once the European Court of Human Rights ultimately rejected the British governments inexcusable appeal in the stool Hirsts case they granted the New Labour Government with a rare and genuine opportunity to implement their much proclaimed policy of governmental and social inclusion.4 Until Hirsts case, whenever any person in the United Kingdom is sentenced to imprisonment they sacrificed more than their obligations or freedom. They also sacrificed their right to vote and along with it their cast as citizens. Convicts remain the last primary group to be prohibited from the electorate.5 Consequently their welfare is mostly overlooked and politicians have little motivation to buy off comprehensive and knowledgeabl e attention in penal policy.6 The electoral disentitlement of inmates is a remnant of the nineteenth century which plays no contemporary role and which is in remainder with the declared commitment of the government to social and political inclusion.7Sentenced inmates in the UK have been stripped of their right to vote ever since the Forfeiture Act of 1870, immediately later on the vote was bestowed upon multitudes of working class men in urban areas and after transportation was closed down as a court ruling.8 The forfeit was brought in by a privileged class resolute to shun impoverished offenders away from the ballot box. In the past, the moving of lawbreakers and a quite controlled authorisation had implied that right to vote for inmates had never been a problem.9 The beginnings of the electoral banning of inmates can be traced back from the ancient concept of civic death, a sentence involving the forfeiture of citizenship rights.10 The prohibition reveals outdated and negative concepts of social

Female Sexual Autobiography Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Female Sexual Autobiography - Personal Statement ExampleIt was very early that I discovered whateverthing unusual when I find young men and boys looking at me with deeper meaning in their eyes. I started feeling strange and uncomfortable by someones intense gaze or meaningful smile while I was entering my teenage. Early teenage interaction with opposite sex assured me of some fiery attraction and bond. Later, Biology class lessons and discussions television programs magazines with exposing pictures books and literature, and socialization led me discover the real meaning and process of sex. At that time, I felt sick only feared by the consequences of doing it in the form of pregnancy.I was clueless to the highest degree where babies come from until six. One day I heard some kids talking about it in school cafeteria. In utter disbelief, I shared this raw(a)ly got besides awkward information with some of my street friends, few of them came up with resembling stories. With more co nfused than ever bases in my head, I came back home and talked to my mother about it she told me that its square. I was quite shocked it was certainly true because my mother was the ultimate source of information. I felt that it is a gross idea and babies can come out by mouth instead, funny idea I k nowadays, but that was something popped like popcorn in my mind when I was settling with this phenomenon. I thought but how the kid goes in, an immediate answer was, the trend it comes out, but I couldnt give much thought to the later part. I also imagined myself coming out of my moms bottom it seems funny now but was a terrible thought then. Post this information, I became more curious than ever to such(prenominal) information aired on television, magazines, and books. I was awake of the fact that girls and boys are different from my early childhood. I started noticing the differences between male and female body around 7-8 years of age. Whenever I saw a new born without clothes, I naturally observed that boys are different from girls. I felt that little girls have more beautiful body than little boys but boyish thing was interesting for sure. My biology class proved to be the solid fact-checking machine as I could not only read but question whenever I felt confused. After studying the structures and functioning of male and female organs, I was very thrilled. My own changing body and new experiences, such as, periods make me felt like I am transforming into women, ready for a sensual life full of surprises ahead. While I learned about the club between male and female, I was not able to appreciate my own body. I was interested in what is in outside world. Masturbating was something that came to be naturally and made me realize the beauty and feelings within. Though, I started doing it around the age of 8 or 9 but I was not aware of the fact that I was doing it. I have no clue what it is and why I enjoy touching myself. However, it was not that real masturbati ng as I used to stick my finger in that location and move slowly for feeling the sensation or releasing the itch caused by some hard cloth or jeans. I learnt about the well-disposed moment (as I refer to orgasm) in my teenage from some dirty magazines where people shared their experiences of

Stress management as an enabler of high performance ( Chapter 7) Essay

reach management as an enabler of high performance ( Chapter 7) - Essay Example alone what the famous adage quotes, Stressed is just desserts spelled backwards. The effect of stress to a person would depend on how it was looked about and dealt with.This discussion will magnetic core in stress management relevant to organizational leaders dealing with insecurities and uncertainties brought about by major changes required in this highly globalized world. According to the book, Stress Management as an Enabler of High doing, Individuals go through two-stage process when faced with a potentially stressful situation. First, is primary appraisal wherein they assess the relevance, meaning and implications of the event. Second, is seconday appraisal when they assess what if anything can be done about the situation and their ability to cope. Kriegal and Kriegal (1984) identified a combination of skills and attitudes needed by leaders to pass water high performance under any external pressu re. These are confidence, commitment, and control. First, the individual must believe first in his capacity as a person. Then, he needs to put his heart into what he is doing and as much as possible, enjoy the task. Lastly, focus on the factors that is within his control and use it to his benefit. These factors are interrelated and if done properly, would have a synergy effect towards a positive end goal.In the same book, Stress Management as an Enabler of High Performance, three worlds was discussed. These worlds could used to analyze why a certain individual reacted positively or negatively into stress. First is the inner world that deals with the thoughts and feelings of the person. This is about how he sees himself internally. Second is the outer world which is basically how the person sees and projects himself and his capacity to the outside world. This deals about how he wanted

Term paper for economics Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Term for economicals - Research Paper ExampleNonetheless, disrespect the established consideration in the distribution of the economic pie that guide public discourse, there are new and emerging scientific and economic approaches that are proving to be popular in shaping and guiding the approaches to distribution of the national cake.Greek philosophers were instrumental in laying the groundwork for the distribution of nations wealth, which was recollective before the birth of the discipline of economics as currently known. In line with this, it is common knowledge that philosophers such as Plato and Plutarch defined the level of differences that should firmness of purpose from the rich and the poor and the consequences of these differences. Conversely, the revolution age was responsible for the establishment of governments policies that redistributed wealth (Acemoglu and Robinson 190). Closer to contemporary economic society, the economic scientists who positive economics perspe ctives that advocated for various approaches of sharing and distributing the national wealth in a way that ensured equitable and equity in distribution of wealth. This expose elucidates on disparate ways that a nations distribution of wealth affects the economic growth.Stiglitz identified two approaches towards the distribution of a nations wealth with severally approach differing in perspective and consequences, which are in terms of the growth of a nations economy (387). In the first approach, Stiglitz identifies that nations can catch an approach that focuses on a high ratio of capital and labor. In this approach, Stiglitz noted the ability of a nation to enhance stability in its economic growth while focusing on equitable distribution of resources in the country in the long-term. Conversely, the other approach proposed by Stiglitz identified a gauzy capital-labor ratio, which he defined as developing an economy that was unstable in the end. Besides, this approach was respons ible for the

Fatima Chooljian and the X-ray Patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fatima Chooljian and the X-ray Patient - Essay ExampleHe might have said that if soulfulness is as particular about practicing religion as the Moslem radiographer supposedly was considering the fact that she wore Hijab at the workplace, he/she must not be in such(prenominal) professions that impart the need for close encounters between members of opposite genders. Irrespective of whatever the older enduring discusses about his initial thoughts or perceptions about his encounter with the Islamic radiographer, there is great likelihood of his discussion going in favor of the Muslim radiographer since the commencement of the discussion upon Jesus. He might say that bringing up the topic of Jesus for discussion was very odd at that moment considering that he was having an X-ray done from a stranger who was a Muslim radiographer, moreover in spite of that, the Muslim radiographers response to his question and the discussion that followed was very gentle and meaningful. He might even appreciate the fact that the Muslim radiographer said, I may be wrong, sir, but thats how I understand it because this reflects that the Muslim radiographer was not offensive or criticizing in her response to the older patients refusal to accept her definition of Jesus.

Nursing Image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Image - Essay ExampleDorothea Lynde Dix (1802-1887) made a significant contribution to the state of mental health in the unify States during the period starting late 19th Century. She is remembered for pioneering mental assylums in the United States. Dorothea Dix is regarded as a voice for the mad. Her contribution to the improvement of the lives of the ment each(prenominal)y unhinged people in the United States cannot be compared to that of any other person in the history of nursing. Mental health is an important aspect of nursing, thus all mentally-ill patients deserve good nursing and care, just as other patients. According to Parry (2006), evidence shows that Dorothea might have been a victim of neglect from her parents, thus this might have influenced her to advocate for the well-being of mentally ill people in society, who were equally neglected at most times.In the year 1841, Dorothea Dix volunteered her time and noesis to the East Cambridge jail, where she held on e hour of devotion with female inmates in that jail. While on this mission, Dorothea Dix realized that those inmates that were mentally-ill were living in poor conditions. For instance, these were chained in repellent and cold cells. Dorothea therefore, after making this observation, was committed to ensuring that the mentally-ill inmates lived in good conditions, and not the one she had witnessed. Most inmates have no power over their health, as bandage in prison, they cannot control the circumstances surrounding their health, such as the quality of the cells, among other aspects.

Indeterminate Sentence and Parole Major Criticisms Personal Statement

Indeterminate Sentence and Parole Major Criticisms - Personal Statement ExampleThe main central of indeterminate time and parole major criticisms is that neither rehabilitation nor criminal sanctions cardinal purpose is the attainable goal. The attainable and suitable aim of justice supported is punishment. Correctional officials keep clinched indeterminate sentence outside their intractable desire to regulate the convicts behavior, and that is both evil and hypocritical. Effect of the indeterminate sentence can be part viewed to be overcrowding in prisons. The rehabilitation models hypocrisy, disparate sentence, non volitional participation in programs by prisoners, and irrational and unpredictable paroling decisions all pilot to unrest, violence, and prison alienation. In researchers view, he would support abolition of both parole and indeterminate sentence. Indeterminate sentence presents disparate sentences obligated for similar crimes. Those disparities reflect socioeconomi c and racial prejudices. Indeterminate sentence and parole require more supervision time costs regarding the administration, yet they do not satisfy the justificatory sentiments of the public. As earlier mentioned, indeterminate sentence causes overcrowding in prisons which may easily result into disease outbreaks in the prison this is a punishment to human rosy rather than a way of rectifying their behavior. Parole requires enormous expenses due to incompetence and corruption within the system. In addition, there is inaccurate knowledge of those who would be previously convicted.

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Financial Management - Essay ExampleThis paper discusses on whether the capital asset pricing dumbfound offers the right evidence on where investors can get value for their money.There are two types of take a chances that any investor is afraid of and should take into account when planning to trespass in a given market. These include the systematic and unsystematic risks (Resource Center, 2013 n.p). The systematic risk is that which is related to the whole market and over which the investor has not control. This type of risk has a huge impact on the amount of returns that an investor should expect. The CAPM discloses this type of risk to the investor and makes him aware on what to expect (Resource Center, 2013 n.p). It includes the recession, the dynamic nature of interest rates and early(a) natural phenomenon that the investor would have no control over. The unsystematic risks, on the other hand, are specific to investments and can be handled by the investor. He is aware of this sweet of risk and has planned for it.According to the capital asset pricing present, beta is the measure of the risk that any stock investment is exposed to (Shapiro, 2006 p7). It shows the relationship mingled with the market and the stock by showing how the dynamic change in the market affects the returns from the stock investment (Shapiro, 2006 p7). It is done, over a certain period of time, to train how the up and down movement of the market affects the up and down movement of the stock prices. Therefore, beta provides the much needed answers to the risk-return relationship (Shapiro, 2006 p15).Equity is all that mud after all the expenses of an investor have been completely taken care of, and when all the expenses have been settled, and there is residual remaining of the assets (Perold, 2004 p12). The capital asset pricing model does a return-risk assessment of the financial securities of an investor and concludes that equities are the most risky assets, and their premium is very high (Perold, 2004 p13). The CAPM says

Health and Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

wellness and Stress - Essay ExampleHowever, this paper aims to discuss gender differences and racial differences in terms of health manners.It has been observed that various races face identical accent and health problems. White and black be the most common and the basic classifications of races. However, in proper classification several names come. There are quite a few studies on stress and health behaviors and its impact on stress and health. This paper aims to find out if the gender and racial disparities exit. In case these do, what are the consequences? This paper also tends to identify if group of black citizens are healthier or stronger than the group of white people or vice versa. Does a race or gender impact ones health behavior? If not, then what could be the reason behind such differences?Older Hispanics and Asian Islanders came across cultural blend by the mean of cross cultural weddings. Health behavior and stress impact on individual are based on different patterns where age, race, mental level, education and gender. It is said that black mortality curl crises over whites (Martin & Soldo, 1997).Different races have different health states. As per an investigation, inferior mental health and self perceived health have been reported in African Americans. Research found out that health and stress are not directly linked to race however, it depends on the body strength, age, gender and in many cases, marital status also impacts the health behavior. Research clearly indicated that if the earnings and studies are managed, robust racial changes in health and stress are not observed (Williams, Yu, Jackson, & Anderson, 1997, pp. 243-250). Several studies have been conducted to find out the disparities among races, behaviors, genders, ages, physical progress, educational level, job descriptions, income and their body and mental behaviors. The term health and stress disparities remained gamy topic for researcher throughout in differentiating the

Learning Experiences 5 (Personal Training) Essay

Learning Experiences 5 (Personal Training) - Essay ExampleThe supplements argon made available in form of tablets, capsules, bulk powder, or liquid. (Cheryl, 2007)Bluebonnets Maxi Two Formula is a higher potency, two-a-day, multivitamin, and multimineral dietary supplement in a caplet and is formulated with highly efficient patented Albion chelated minerals and touristed carotenoids, such as natural beta-carotene and FloraGLO lutein from 100% natural marigold extract. (Bluebonnet)This is a family of multivitamin and mineral formulas designed specifically to address the nutritional needs of women. It provides a healthy response to sports injuries or surgery, muscle tears and pulls, sinus activity, joint mobility and fluid retention.Some ingredients are present in both the multivitamin formulas and in the same form such as vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, and B6. However, some of the ingredients are present in both the formulas but in different forms such as B12 and D as dibencozide and ergocal ciferol respectively in Maxine, Daily Multiple for Women and as cyanocobalamine and cholecalcifero in Bluebonnets Maxi Two Formula (With iron). Mineral composing in Maxine is higher than in Bluebonnet in order to meet its dietary needs. Some ingredients such as phytase, black pepper, lactase, protease, and vanadium in Maxine are not present in BluebonnetVitamins, minerals and herbs are put in concert to sufficiently meet the needs of the user, for example, garlic, zinc and Echinacea are put together with vitamins C and B since they have the ability to resist infections. Mixing together minerals, herbs and vitamins also help achieve multiple desired results such as flux beta-carotene, selenium, vitamin C, and E and chromium results in body protection and improved metabolism. (Walker, 2006)The variance in different multivitamin formulas results from the level of research done on the producing high society and the fact that some ingredients can also be used as substitutes for each o ther with mild deviation from

Stanley kubrick Work of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Stanley kubrick Work of Art - Essay Exampleinvented relatively alone(p) technique that an artist or a film producer uses in their work to make it distinctive to the audience and to the artistic field. On the other hand, cinematography is an artistic creation of motion pictures photography using imagery and other stylistic techniques. Sequentially, the focus of this essay is to give an in depth analysis on four of Kubricks marvelous films in terms of the Mise-en Scenes and the cinematography aspect in each film.For Stanley, he implored the use of visual effects to try to represent the imaginative and scientific features. In addition, the film portrayed the directors ardent love for learning and science related themes. It was collaboration between science fiction writer Clarke Arthur and him. The movie also showed Kubricks fascination in the existence of life beyond planet earth implying that other planets could support gracious existence. In a remarkable blend, Kubrick infused cla ssical music in to this film that mostly became the opening songs in this film. He also invoked contemporary music by natives of other countries to serve as introductory tracks in his movie. The classic music depicted the reality of the scenes that were actually fictitious. The musical background also provided a understructure for the viewer to connect with the storyline. It characterized the serenity of events hence portraying harmony and piece within the movie For instance he facilitated Gyorgy Ligeti in to coming in to the linden tree light by building on his fame and popularity.The Mise-en-Scene aspect in this movie was the use of acutely little dialogue that made it stand out. For instance, the characters engage in few conversations all through the movie to emphasize on the need for its audience to follow through the movies events. The movies fast and last scenes be without any conversation that also reflects during the film. In between the film, there are long breaks in bet ween conversations. On the other hand, the color aspect is

Nursing Burnout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Nursing Burnout - Essay ExampleProfessionals providing healthcare services with particular emphasis on the nursing profession are known to be a group of professionals with a high potential for developing burnout (Garrosa et al, 2008). The health care services environment that the line of descent of nursing functions in, is an environment that makes high demands on energy levels and different levels of competencies, poses challenges to the personal values and faith, and despite best efforts frequent loss of life of the patients. All these experiences of good deal contribute to burnout in a nursing professional (Ewing & Carter, 2004). Burnout among nursing professionals can severely compromise the quality of health care that health care seekers learn leading to poor outcomes, making burnout among nursing professionals an issue of serious concern to the health care service sector and society (Sahraian et al, 2008).From Ilhan et al, 2008 come the figures that it is estimated that nea rly twoscore percent of the nursing professionals suffer from burnout, with about twenty percent of hospital nursing staff planning to give up work within a span of one year. Garrosa et al, 2008, however, provide a lower estimate of the extent of burnout among nursing professionals at twenty-five percent. Irrespective of the variance on these figures, the significant gambol that stands out is the high prevalence of nursing providing support to the general belief that the nursing profession is highly susceptible to burn out.Nursing professionals function in different areas of medicine and there has been evidence to suggest that there is a variance in the prevalence of burnout among the different areas of medicine that the nursing professionals function in. Sahraian et al, 2008, in their examination of the levels of burnout in the areas of internal medicine, surgery, psychiatry and burn wards and the factors that contribute to it, show that

Compare a shared theme between the book Don Quioxote and the movie Toy Essay

Compare a shared report between the book seize Quioxote and the movie roleplay Story - Essay ExampleThe stories about the knights have sunken deeply into his mind that, somehow, it has misshapen his sanity. He grew up idolizing knights and their gallantry and plain began to dress up like one and go out on adventures or quests of his own for reasons like My armour is my only wear, My only rest the folie2. He had his own damsel in the person of a peasant girl from Toboso named Aldonsa Lorenzo. Alonso Quijano was so much into his character that he also made up a name for himself and had others call him Don Quixote de La Mancha. Buzz Lightyear of Toy Story, on the other hand, is so caught up in his own reality as a high-tech, space ranger, and not simply a plaything. His belief in his reality is so profound that he even believed that he could fly - a feat he was able to prove to himself and to the other toys when he tried flying with his eyes closed. Falling with style as Woody put s it.Discussing the common theme between the story of Don Quixote and the film Toy Story, one can see how the characters lived in a world of their own made-up realities. Don Quixote federal official on his imaginations of the gallant knights and was even caught saying this to himself Who knows but that in time to come, when the veracious history of my famous deeds is made known, the sage who writes it, when he has to good deal forth my first sally in the early morning, will do it after this fashion3. The effect of the books on his thinking was as deep as his wanting to become a full-fledged knight. This is stated in the book as Day was dawning when Don Quixote quitted the inn, so happy, sogay, so beatify at finding himself now dubbed a knight, that hisjoy was like to burst his horse-girths.4He also went to as far as dubbing, his so-called damsel, Aldonsa Lorenzo as Dulcinea del Toboso and swearing to offer his services to this fair lady. Along with his absurd thinking are absurd b ehaviors such as talking to himself and saying verses like O Princess Dulcinea, lady of this captive heart, a grievous wrong hast thou done me to drive me forth with scorn, and with inexorable obduracy banish me from the presence of thy beauty. O lady, deign to hold in remembrance this heart, thy vassal, that thus in anguish pines for love of thee5. He also named his donkey Rosinante to add more glamour to his height as a knight. Adding to the extremity of his fondness for chivalry and knighthood, Don Quixote looked for a squire for himself to keep track of his adventures. He promised the laborer an island just to get that trustworthy travel companion. Your worship will take care, Senor Knight-errant, not to forget about the island you have promised me, for be it ever so big Ill be equal to regime it.6 Those and Don Quixotes other bizarre actions were all caused by too much exposure to books on chivalry and knighthood. His actions were inevitable since these are based on a strong belief which he has stated as Thou shalt never see it again aslong as thou livest7. He was too engrossed on those legends that it was almost impossible to stop him from associating everything he sees with his adventure. One incident was when he fought against what he perceived to be as monsters quite a little is arranging matters for us better than we could have shaped our desires ourselves, for look there, friend Sancho Panza, where thirty or more monstrous giants present themselves8.Miguel de Cervantess Don Quixote and the movie Toy Story both

The communication method (or channel) that you select should depend on your message Essay Example for Free

The communication method (or channel) that you select should depend on your message Es gradeInteractive or static should your communication be unidirectional or two-way? Interactive means a back-and-forth conversation static means delivery of a message. What does your message read? Brainstorming and questioning require interactivity. Updates can be static. Personal or impersonal Personal means face-to-face, or on the phone. Impersonal communication is in writing. Does your communication require you to view or see your customers or colleagues? Are you trying to build relationships? Will the tone of voice be important for this particular message? Are the ideas potentially confusing? Put some thought into whether your presence is a vital component of your message. 1. Assess what kind of audience you are communicating with. Keeping in mind all of the differences among specific audience and the various manners in which they perceive your messages you must realize that the use of all communication channels is non desirable at all times. For example, when speaking to a CEO, provide him with relevant and short reading. When speaking to employees with the lower status, feel free to explain what you have to say in more detail. When you need to be convincing, try to communicate personally.2. Assess the real value of the message you want to communicate. You should never overload your audience with information of little relevance that seems important only to you because you will lose their support and they will start perceiving you as a nuisance who rarely has something important to say. By avoiding this rule you risk becoming irrelevant. 3. Check the cost level you can bear when selecting communication channels. You should be aware that indirect communication, for instance, becoming involved in various events or charity activities, requires the greatest investment. On the other hand, established interpersonal communication channels are much less expensive.4. Ass ess whether your pickax of a communication channel is justified. For instance, why should employees in your organization learn new standards of operations through mass media? On the other hand, it is more worthy to plan received stories in a targeted and controlled manner with journalists than to drag them through all media. 5. Assess the long-term sustainability of selected communication channels. It is not the same if you establish a successful long-term manner of communication that is recognized by the target audience and the one that receives positive feedback from the universe or if we constantly communicate in the manner that you receive feedback from two people or one medium.Do not forget that in this manner you are developing your long-term public relations When all of the stated factors are taken into consideration, you will easily arrive to conclusion that different audience responds to your message in different ship canal so they always must be considered separately a nd, often, communicated to differently and through differing channels and tools.Message customized for the audienceThe title of this section probably best summarizes the light of selecting a right communication channel communication must be conducted differently with various audiences. It is good to note that communication and PR activities should not be directed to the general public. They are aimed at carefully selected groups of people who are subdivisions of the vast general public for example, stakeholders, shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, distributors, opinion makers, trade unions, institution representatives, political relation members, media and many others.In terms of good communication with your key audience, it is preferable to become more discriminating towards your selection of desired audience. That means that communicating certain kinds of message only to selected audience is less wasteful and more successful. For the above-mentioned reasons, the usu al methods of communication must be more and more adapted, which requires a greater use of tactics. Why? Simply because it is becoming increasingly challenging to transfer the message to specific section of the public from which we have concrete do goods and which can benefit from us. Everything else can be considered as a loss of our precious time.

Challenges of special needs education Essay Example for Free

Challenges of special of necessity information EssayEfforts involved in implementation of superfluous needs education in Uganda today lose got contests that ar facing them. These challenges be Handling the problems of an inclusive classroom. The concept of having classrooms that contain both special needs students and students who are developing typically is becoming a popular one. This type of education poses new challenges for a special education initiateer. For example, many students who bugger off no disabilities are unaccustomed to dealings with those who do.Teachers in these classes are charged with eliminating cruelty and insensitivity from amongtheir students and ensuring that those with special needs are treated with respect. Professional Isolation. The nature of a special education teachers work is very different from that of traditional teachers the result of this is that standard classroom teachers may not view them as colleagues. There may be a professional stigma attached to the work of teaching slow students. Special education teachers a good deal work with smaller groups and may focus on skills rather than content, thereby leading to the perception that their work is easier or less important. Lack of permit from parents.Some parents of special needs children are disinterested in the welfare of their children and fail to provide them with adequate care. Alternatively, they may be overly protective. some(prenominal) can be problematic for the child and for their teacher. Disinterested parents may have no involvement with their childs education or interaction with their teachers, WHEREAS OVERPROTECTIVE PARENTS MAY HAVE UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS FROM THE CHILD AND THE CHILDS teachers. Both attitudes can shape children in negative ways.Parental disinterest may make special needs students less motivated and parents who are overprotective often diminish theirchilds confidence and make it harder for them to learn. 2 emailprotected com Th e difficulty of discipline in a special needs classroom. Disabled children may have behavioral issues including restlessness and moodiness. They may also exhibit problems like a short attention span or an inability to understand what is being taught. Special education teachers have to learn how to deal with these problems as well as how to take appropriate disciplinary measures. Budget problems. Across the nation, special education programs are facing increasing enrollment and decreasing computes.The result is that there are fewer teacher assistants available, which results in a greater workload for special education teachers. They may also face shortages of essential resources and equipment for part withing effective lessons. Shortage of teachers to lot learners with special needs. Most of the teachers refuse to offer a hand once told to handle a class and later identify that learners in that class are disabled in one way or the other. Many teachers like to teach only learners w ho are able to do things without any difficulty. They fail to understand that ability is not to everyone.Shortage of teaching materials. Some schools in Uganda today support the learners with special needs but they are faced with a problem of the materials they are to use to teach the learners for example having brails for the blind. This poses a challenge to special needs education in Uganda today. Statistics about the number of the children with special needs. There is no correct statistical approximation of the number of the children with special needs in Uganda today.Supplemented by the enumeration of tribe taking place after a long period. With miss appropriated number ofchildren with special needs, there comes a challenge to the state to budget for them in terms of the resources like human resource available. 3 emailprotected com Rigid curriculum. Rigidity of the curriculum is also a challenge as it does not understandably show how to handle people with disabilities. The curr iculum provides the content but not the pedagogy.This poses achallenge to the teachers who handle learners with special needs on how to handle and present or deliver the content. There are few schools that offer special needs education in Uganda today.They are faced witha problem of handling the whole mountain of learners all over the country. The population of learners in those schools is high becoming a challenge to teaching and special needs education in general. There are few training institutions for those who would wish to understand the necessary basics of handling learners with disabilities. Assumptions tend to be taken that it is automatic that an individual cannot fail to handle a person with any form of disability. This is a real misconception as for example a person may just think that he knows but when a disabled person asks him for some jock, he directs him to specialists.Despite the fact that Special needs education is faced with a number of challenges. Some of thos e challenges can be mitigated. I suggest the following ways that can be used to act as solutions t the number of challenges above are- Comprehensive critique of state laws, regulations and policies should be done to in cooperate policies for efficient implementation of special needs education in Uganda today. In addition government policies should be put in place with clearly well-defined measures to the rights of the disabled and what is expected from the community as far as providing special needs education is concerned.This provide enable the learners to be helped in whatever form the help may be but not being isolated and thus their presence in society thought of as being useless. 4 emailprotected com Tertiary institutions that train teachers should in cooperate into their curriculum courses that train teachers to handle learners with special needs. This get out help increase the human resource that handle learners with special needs eliminating the challenge of the shortage of teachers with skills of handling learners with special needs. Sensitization of stake holders of their roles regarding the support they should render to peoplewith disabilities.This will make parents not to keep their children at home rather send them to schools where they may be fully partially included in prescribed classes thus will end up having achieved their right to education. Parents should made aware of the consequences of not rendering a hand in the education of their children. The government should cast the special needs education sector on their budget. This will make them cater for the materials that the students need to learn.With these materials like the brails available, the implementation of education of learners with special needs will not havemuch trouble. Review of the curriculum to check where people with various forms of disabilities can be infused into the system needs to be done as this will help teachers have at least some basics of handling the disabled not leaving everything tothose whom they claim to be experts inthat field.With maximum cooperation of teachers in the school, all the students will thus be catered for. REFERENCES Fanning, B. , Veale, A. , OConnor, D. (2001). Beyond the pale Asylum seeking children and social exclusion in Ireland. Dublin Irish Refugee Council. Farrell, P. (1997).The integration of children with tremendous learning difficulties A review of the recent literature. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 50(2), 26-31 Ferguson, D. L. (2008). International trends in inclusive education The continuing challenge to teach each one and everyone. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23(2), 109-120 Gutman, L. M. , Midgley, C. (2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 223-248.

Lord of the Flies Symbolism Analysis Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Symbolism Analysis EssayPlato, a famous Greek philosopher born in 428 BC, once said, The measure of a man is what he does with power. This statement shows that man will truly be defined for what he does with the power he receives whether he would use it for manipulation, cruelty and sumptuous desires, or whether he would treat everyone fairly, maintain democracy and control himself in such a postgraduate position. In William Goldings Lord of The Flies and George Orwells fauna Farm, the power is shown and given to a character, which would use it for his own benefits and does not choose to do what is right for those under his power. Jack, a power-hungry dictator, uses his manipulative and deceiving tactics to command over a group of schoolboys who get stuck on an island. Napoleon, a pig, uses power along with fear to control the other animals around him and asserts violence to get his agency as a leader.The desire for power and control in both characters sti mulates them to use fear and violence as a way of keeping their high position and satisfying their needs. It is clear that the two leaders Napoleon and Jack both used physical harm as a way of getting their message across to their other citizens. Jack displayed this behavior after he gets his own tribe, where he ruled merciless and punishes anyone he is not pleased with. When Roger and Robert were having a brief conversation in Chapter 10, they said, Hes going to beat Wilfred. What for? I dont know. He didnt say. He got angry and make us tie Wilfred up. Hes been- he giggled excitedly- hes been tied up for hours, waiting-.(Golding 176). This shows Jack and his cruel use of power among his own tribe. Napoleon, on the other helping hand, doesnt punish his own tribe, but does go to an extent where he vows a death sentence towards anyone who is working or wants Snowball to convey back to the farm.This is shown in the execution of four pigs, Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion, that they had collaborated with him in destroying the windmill, and that they had entered into an agreement with him to hand over Animal Farm to Mr. Frederick. They added that Snowball had privately admitted to them that he had been Joness secret agent for years past. When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a unholy voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess. (Orwell 73).Despite being a pig, Napoleon shows the same qualities as a human dictator and even so goes as far as to making innocent pigs confessing to a crime they had never done. Within both leaders, anger becomes the main reason for punishment to the citizens. both(prenominal) leaders, nonetheless, use their people for their own benefit whether they were given permission or not. In Lord of the Flies, Jack went as far as to stealing porcines glasses without Piggys co nsent in hopes of being able to make a fire at any time he requests.Regardless of Piggys anger and necessity for glasses, Jack steals them and even kills Piggy when Ralph, Piggy, Sam and Eric confronted his tribe for Piggys glasses. Along with this situation, in Animal Farm, Napoleons desire for power and money drives him towards betraying his best worker who works for him every second he is awake for whiskey money. The animals would work perpetually for Napoleon, and this is clear in Orwells statement in chapter VI, All that year the animals worked like slaves (Orwell 53).

Effectiveness of Support for Children in Homeless Families

metier of buy at for Children in Home little FamiliesThe whole egress of pargonnts and minorren in look at is a vast, multi accompanimentorial and ethic every last(predicate)y intriguing unrivaled. This recapitulation is specifically charged with an examination of those issues which impinge upon the nervous straines and strains that atomic recite 18 experienced by p argonnts of small fryren in wishing.A superficial examination of these issues that ar involved in this decomposeicular argona would suggest that in that location are a teleph hotshot number of sub-texts which bed all give rise to this exceptional situation. Firstly, to earn tyke in need is cl betimes a stressful situation for any parent.(Meltzer H et al. 1999)This push aside clearly be purely a financial concern and a reflectiveness of the situation that the whole family is in financial hardship, whitethornbe due to the economic situation or perhaps due to the actions of the parents themselves . Equally the need of the child can be a result of anon-financial need, so we should besides consider the child who is in close to(a) way handicapped, ill, emotionally disturbed or perhaps in need in some some other way. This produces other role of stress on the parent, and these stresses are typically longer lasting and, in general, less well rectified than a purely financial consideration of need. (Hall D1996).It is part of the basic ethos of the public assistance state that it should look after its less able and disfavor members. (Welsh spot 1997).Parents of children in need will often qualify in this definition. We shall because examine the various aspects of this problem.Literature ReviewEffectiveness of family fend for for children in un flummoxtled familiesWe will discombobulate a start by considering sensation type of child in need. The first radical that we will consider is that of Prof. Vostanis (Vostanis2002), which looks at the affable wellness problem s that are faced by deprived children and their families together with the metier of the resources that are available to them.It is a well written and well researched musical theme, if quite an complex and confusing in places. We will consider this paper in some detail as it shows an excellent overview of the whole celestial orbit.The paper starts with a sooner serviceable definition for our purposes. It qualifies the deprived child, initially in ground of a homeless person family, that organism A family of any number of adults with dependent children who are statutorily accredited by local authorities ( lodgement departments) in teak, and are usually accommodated for a brief period in voluntary agency, local authority or accommodate association hunting lodges.This period of temporary accommodation can vary enormously depending on the clock m of year and the area considered, and can range from a some days to perhaps several months. The target in Greater London is aut horizedly storehouse homeless families within 4-6 weeks. In London evently, the homeless families can be placed in Bed Breakfast accommodation.(D of H 1998)In this respect, the immediate family book mechanisms do appear tube in place. Vostranis however, goes on to make the observation that despite the point that the definition of the homeless family is rather broad, it does not cover all of the potential children in need, as those children and their carers who contrive disoriented their homes further maintain managed to live with relatives, on the streets or perhaps live as travellers, are not covered by the statutory obligation to deliver the goods housing. The editionalised figures in that respectfore, he get words, are generally an underestimate of the true situation. The official figures for the homeless families are put (in this paper) at 140,000. (Vostanis Cumella, 1999)The authors give us further discip pipeline in that many families will become homeless again w ithin one year of rehousing and the typical family seen is the single contract and at least cardinal children who are generally under the age of 11 yrs. They also observe that the typical father and adolescent child tend to be placed in homeless centres. (Doff H 1995)In exploration of the peculiar(a) topic that we are considering, the authors give us the situations that typically deem given rise to the decimal point of maternal(p) stress that may substantiate led to the homelessness. They compass point to the fact that a homeless family is usually homeless for antithetical reasons to the single homeless adult. Vostanis (et al 1997)is quoted as showing that 50% of the cases studied were homeless as direct result of domestic violence and 25% as a result of harassment from neighbours. The authors observe that the poem in this category(and thence the problems), are rising. (Welsh Office 1999).There are a number of section to this paper which are not directly due to our cons iderations. We shall in that respectfore direct our attention purely to those parts that founder a direct bearing on the subject. unrivaled in detail useful and analytical part of the paper is the section that details the characteristics and needs of the target sort out. This is a very detailed section, however it makes the point that the children in need in this conference are specially heterogeneous, generally all with multiple and inter-related needs. Homelessness is seldom a one off event. This particular observation, (say the authors),is crucially of the essence(p) for the development and formulation of operate.Most families turn out got histories of front chronic adversities that constitute risk factor ins for some(prenominal) children and parents (Bassuk et al,1997). Such events include family conflict, violence and equipment failure express mail or absent ne twainrks for family and social embody repeat moves need and unemployment. Mothers are to a gra vider extent than in all probability to have suffered abuse in their own childhood and adult life and children have increased says of side on the at-risk child protection register, because of neglect, bodily and/or sexual abuse.If we specifically consider the health needs of this population, the authors categorise them thusThe children are more likely to have a history of low birthweight, anaemia, dental decay and delayed immunisations, to be of lower stature and have a spectacularer degree of nutritional stress. They are also more likely to suffer accidents, injuries and burns. (BPA 1999)Some studies have effect that child health problems increase with the duration of homelessness, although this finding is not consistent. comforting attribute of homeless children have delayed development compared with the general population of children of a correspondent chronological age. This includes both specific developmental delays, such as in receptive and expressive language and v isual, motor and reading skills, as well as general skills and genteelnessal status (Webbet al. 2001).It is for this reason specifically, that it has proved higher(prenominal)ly delicate to value the lastingness of the family jut utility of processs because of the multivariate nature of the problems that are takeed.The authors point to the fact that one of the prime determinants of the degree of embody available, is the positive approaching that the families have to these serve. Many sources (viz. Wilkinson R 1996), equate the unequal health of the disadvantaged primarily with the need of memory attack to function. One immediate impediment is the current enrolment system in the UK. In order to be seen in the primary health care team setting, one must be registered with a named doctor. In the mass of cases that we are dealing with here, they have moved area and registration is probably not high on their list of priorities. One can consider that there is the acces s to the A E departments of the local hospitals but there is virtually no continuity here and they arena geared up to provide anything other than immediate treatment. (HallD 1996).This fact restricts their access to primary healthcare team procedures such as immunisations and other preventative medicine health clinics.(Lissauer et al, 1993) . By the resembling item these congregations also have restricted access to the social services, whether they be the access teams, the family teams or the family fight down units and other agencies.The authors also point to other more dissolute trends in this group such as an inability to attend a particular school for fear of being tracked by an abusive partner. It follows that these children do not have a stable social go for of a school. They are denied such factors as peer groups, routines and challenges which are both important overprotective and developmental factors. (Shankleman J et al2000).The summation of all of these factors, and others, is that the enduringness of the family condense services is greatly reduced by the mobility and the transient nature of the family unit. Quite obscure from the difficulties describe above relating to the problems of access to avenues of help open to the child in need and their families there are the problems engendered by the fact that social service departments in disparate(p) areas of the plain may not have immediate access to the previous records giving rise to many potential, and real, problems with continuity of care. This problem is brought into more immediate guidance when one considers the increased frequency of child protection registrations in this particular group. (Hall D et al 1998).One specific analysis of the family have got services of this particular group comes in the form of the psychiatric services. In the stage setting of the title of this piece, it demonstrates how these particular services,(but not these alone), are failing to deal with th e totality of the problem.All of the aspects that we have adumbrate so far are conspiring to dilute the posture of the services provided. The fact that they are a mobile population with no fixed voice communication kernel that some of the services may choose to invoke this as a reason for not making supplying for them, particularly if resources are stretched. If more resources are given, then they are typically preferentially targeted at the single adult homeless population where the need is arguably greater.The authors of this paper point to the fact that this may not truly be true as some studies have shown that homeless single mothers and their children have a 49% psychopathy rate and exactly an 11% spot with the frequent services. (Cumella et al, 1998). The impact of this fact on the children can only(prenominal) if be imagined. To an extent however, it can be quantified as the authors conjure up other studies which show a 30% need rating for children, (they do not a ctually define exactly what their perceived train of need was), contrasted with a 3% contact rate for children and adolescents in this area. (viz. Power S et al. 1995).Suggestions for melioratementPutting these considerations together, the authors outline a set of proposals which are designed to help improve the access to some of the essential services. The model that they propose could, if advantageful and with a degree of modification, prove suitable for adaptation to other areas of the family view as services. It is not fascinate to demonstrate this model in detail, but suffice it to say that it has tiered structure so that the degree of distress and need is titrated against the degree of input generated.One of the reasons that we have selected this particular paper to present in this context is for its last section. It proposes a family support services model which has been developed and pioneered in the Leicester area. In the context of our follow-up, it is worth(predic ate) considering in some detail.A service provided through a family support team (four family support assistants).This is designed to detect a range of problems at the cartridge holder of crisis manage a degree of mental health problems (behavioural and emotional) provide parenting-training support and train housing(guild) staff co-ordinate the work of different agencies and provide some continuity after rehousing by ensuring intake by appropriate local services.The family workers are lay downd at the main hostel for homeless children and families. Other, predominantly voluntary, services have established alternative posts, such as advocates and key workers. Whatever the title of the post, it is essential that the post-holder has some experience and on-going training in mental health and child protection, so that he or she can hold a substantial case-load, rather than merely mediate amidst already limited services.The family support workers have direct access to the local child a nd adult mental health services, whose staff provide weekly outr individually clinics. Their role is to work with the family support workers another agencies, appreciate selected children and families, and provide treatment for more severe problems or disorders such as notion, self-harm and PTSD. A weekly inter-agency liaison meeting at the main hostel is go to by a health visitor, representatives of the local domestic violence service and Sure Start, There are also close, uniform links with education welfare and social services. The aim is to effectively utilise specialist skills by discussing family situations from all perspectives at the liaison meeting.A bimonthly steering group, led by the housing department, involves senior managers representing these agencies, as well as the education and social services departments and the voluntary sector, and they oversee and co-ordinate the service.This appears to be something of an exemplar in congener to services provided elsewhere . The paper does not provide any element of costing sin this area neither does it provide any figures in relation to its success rates, contact rates or overall effectiveness. In conclusion this paper is an extremely well written and authoritative overview of the situation relating to the stresses of the homeless parent with children and the effectiveness (or inadequacy of it) in its ability to reduce the stresses experienced by the homeless children in need and their parents. It proposes remedies but sadly it does not pass judgment the effectiveness of those remedies.The effectiveness of the support services on families of children with psychiatric morbidityIn order to address these shortcomings we can consider another paper by Tickler (et al 2000). This looks at a similar outreach set up which has been designed to capture the families of children in need who might otherwise slip through the net. This paper is written from different perspective and specifically analyses the effec tiveness of these services as they pertain to an entry cohort of 40 families.This particular understand was set up after preliminary examination work was done in the Birmingham area with 114 homeless families and this contract defined the needs of the families but did not quantify their support systems.(Vostanis et al 1998). This paper set out to identify and measure the support systems available and their effectiveness as far as the families were concerned. The stresses encountered were partly reflected by the incidence of psychiatric morbidity. The mothers in the group were found to have over 50% more morbidity than a matched control group. The children in the group were found to have histories of abuse, living in care, being on the at-risk protection register, delayed communication and higher reported mental health problems. Allot which adds to the general O.K.ground stress take aims. (Kerouac S etal. 1996).This particular assume found that despite the psychiatric morbidity in the children, (estimated to be about 30%), and the psychiatric morbidity in the parents, (estimated at about 50%), only 3%of the children and 10% of the parents had had any evidentiary contactor support from the social services. In this respect, this paper is very useful to our purpose as it quantifies the levels of intervention and access to healthcare resources that this particular group has. By any appreciation, it would be considered woefully in fit in any society that calls itself civilised. In the terms of the title of this piece, the effectiveness of the family support services is minimal.Suggestions for improvementLike the last paper discussed, this one also considered how best to tackle the problem, and this one is of much greater value to us, as it specifies a response, or intervention, to the problem in much the same way as the Vostranis 2002 paper did, but it makes the same measurements as it did prior to the intervention, and therefore allows us an shrewdness into the actual effectiveness of the intervention.The way this particular study worked was to assess the problem (as it has been presented above), devise an intervention strategy and then to measure its effect. This particular study goes to great lengths to actively involve all the appropriate agencies that could help the situation by having a central assessment station that acted as liaison between all of the other resources. In brief, it actively involved liaison with the followingEducation, social services, child protection, local mental health services, voluntary and community organisations to relieve there-integration of the family into the community, and particularly their engagement with local services following rehousing and training of staff of homeless centres in the understanding, recognition and management of mental illness in children and parents. This is essential, as hostel staff often work in isolation and have little knowledge of the potential severity and consequences of mental health problems in children.It was hoped that, by doing this, it would maximize the impact that the limited resources had on reducing the levels of morbidity and stress in the families of the children in need.ResultsThe post intervention results were, by any estimate, impressive considering the historic difficulty of working with this particular group (OHara M 1995). 40 families (including 122 children) were studied in detail. The paper gives a detailed breakdown of the ethnic and demographic breakdown of the group. By far the biggest group were single mothers and children (72%)The results showed that the absolute majority of referrals were seen between1-3 times (55%), with a further 22% being seen 4-6 times. It is reflection of the difficulty in engaging this type of family in need that over 25% did not actually keep their appointments despite the obvious potential benefits that could have been utilised. The authors investigated this group further and ascertained that a super C reason for nonattendance was the perception that the psychological welfare of the children was not actually the main concern. The families perceived that their primary needs were rehousing and financial stability. Other priorities identified were that physical health was a greater priority than mental health.The authors also identify another common failing in the social services provision, and that is the general lack of regular contact. They cite the situation where some families cope well initially, apparently glad to have escaped an abusive or violent home situation, but a prolonged stay in a hostel or temporary accommodation may soon precipitate a bout of depression in the parents and behavioural problems in the children of such parents. (Brooks RM et al 1998). They suggest that regular re-visiting of families who have been in temporary accommodation for any significant length of time should be mandatory.This paper takes a very practical overview by pointing out that w orkability of the system is, to a large extent, dependent on the goodwill of a number of act professionals. The authors state that this has to be nurtured and they call for sufficient funding must be given to enable this particular model to be extended to a theme level.Thus far in the review we have considered the effectiveness of the service provision in the support of the families of the children in need in one specific target grouping, those who are stressed by virtue of the fact that they are homeless. We will now consider the lit on a different diverseness of family stress, and that is when a parent dies. This leaves the children with a ample amount of potential emotional baggage and the surviving parent with an enormous amount of stress. (Webb E 1998).Effectiveness of support services in the case of parental bereavementAn excellent paper by Downey (et al 1999) tackles this particular problem with both sensitivity and also considerable rigour. It is a long and complex paper, but the overall aims and objectives are clear from the outset.The structure of the paper is a prospective case study which aims to assess whether the degree of distress suffered by a family during a time of bereavement is in any way linked to the degree of service provision that is utilised.The base line for this study is set out in its first two paragraphs. Parentally bereaved children and surviving parents showed a greater than predicted level of psychiatric morbidity. Boys had greater levels of unquestionable morbidity than did girls, but bereaved mothers showed more morbidity than did bereaved fathers. Children were more likely to show signs of behavioural disturbance when the surviving parent manifested some kindhearted of psychiatric disorder. (Kranzler EM et al 1990).The authors point to the fact that their study shows that the service provision is statistically related to a number of (arguably unexpectedFristad MA et al 1993) factors to witThe age of the children and the manner of parental death. Children under 5 years of age were less likely to be offered services than older children even though their parents coveted it. Children were significantly more likely to be offered services when the parent had committed suicide or when the death was expected. Children least likely to receive service support were those who were not in touch with services before parental death.Paradoxically the level of service provision was not found to be statistically significantly related to either the parental wishes or the degree of the psychiatric disturbance in either the parent orchid. (Sanchez L et al 1994) The service provision did have some statistical relationships but that was only found to be the manner of the parental death and the actual age of the child at the time.The authors therefore are able to identify a mismatch between the perceived need for support and the actual service provision made. Part of that mismatch is found to be due to the inability of the social services and other related agencies to take a dispassionate overview. Elsewhere in the paper the authors suggest that there are other factors that add to this inequality and they include lack of resources and a lack of specificity in identifying children at greatest risk.(Harrington R 1996)The authors examine other literature to back up their initial precept that bereaved children have greater levels of morbidity. They cite many other papers who have found distress manifesting in the form of anxiety, depression, withdrawal, sleep disturbance, and aggression.(Worden JW et al. 1996) and also psychological problems in later life(Harris T et al. 1996).In terms of study structure, the authors point to methodological problems with other papers in the area including a common failing of either having a standardised measure or no matched control group(Mohammed D et al 2003). They also point to the fact that this is probably the first UK study to investigate the subject using a properly representative sample and certainly the first to investigate whether service provision is actually related to the degree of the problems experienced.The entry cohort involved roughly 550 families with 94 having children in the target range (2-18). With certain exclusions (such as two families where one parent had murdered the other etc.) and no respondents, the final cohort was reduced to 45 families and one target child was randomly selected from each family.It has to be renowned that the comparatively large number of on-respondents may have introduced a large element of bias, insofar as it is possible that the families most in need of support were those who were most distressed by the death of a family member and these could have been the very ones who chose not to participate. (Morton V et al2003) The authors make no comment on this particular fact.The authors should be commended for a particularly ingenious control measure for the children. They were matched by asking their schoolteacher to complete an inventory of disturbed behaviour on the following(a) child in the school register after the target child.A large part of the paper is taken up with methodological issues which ( isolated from the comments above) cannot be faulted.ResultsIn terms of being children in need, 60% of children were found to have significant behavioural abnormalities with 28% having scores above the 95th centile.In terms of specific service support provision, 82% of parents identified a perceived need for support by virtue of the behaviour of their children. Only 49% of these actually received it in any degree.Perhaps the most surprising statistic to come out of this study waste fact that of the parents who were offered support 44% were in the group who asked for it and 56% were in the group who didnt want it.The levels of support offered were independent of the degree of behavioural disturbance in the child.Suggestions for improvementAs with the majority of papers tha t we have either presented here or read in preparation for this review, the authors call for a more rationally targeted approach to the utilisation of limited resources. The study also provides us with a very pertinent comment which many experienced healthcare professionals will empathise with, (Black D1996), and that isPractitioners should also be advised that child disturbance may reflect undetected psychological distress in the surviving parent.While not suggesting that this is a reflection of Munchausens syndrome by proxy, the comment is a valid reflection of the fact that parental distress may be well hidden from people outside of the family and may only present as a manifestation of the childs behaviour. (Feldman Met al. 1994)The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that there is considerable gap in the support offered ( quite apart form the effectiveness of that support) in this area of obvious stress for both parents and children. (Black D 1998). This study goe s some way to quantifying the level of support actually given in these circumstances.Effectiveness of support in families where there is domestic violenceWe have considered the role of the effectiveness and indeed, even the existence, of adequate support services for the children in need and their parents in a number of different social circumstances. The next paper that we wish to present is an excellent review of the support that is given to another specific sub-group and that is women and children who suffer from domestic violence. Webb and her group (etal 2001) considered the problem in considerable (and commendable) depthThe study itself had an entry cohort of nearly one hundred fifty children and their mothers who were resident in a number of hostels and womens guards that had been the victims of family violence at some stage in the recent past. The study subjected the cohort to a barrage of tests designed to assess their physical, emotional and psychological health, and th en quantified their access to, and support gained from, the primary healthcare teams and other social service-based support agencies. This study is presented in a long and sometimes difficult tread format. Much of the presentation is (understandably) taken up with statistical, ethical and methodological matters all of which appear to be largely of excellent quality and the result of careful consideration.ResultsThe results make for interesting and, (in the context of this review), very relevant reading. Perhaps one of the more original findings was that nearly 60% of the child health data held by the various refuges was factually incorrect. This clearly has grave importations for studies that base their evidence base on that data set(Berwick D 2005).Of great implication for the social services support mechanisms was the finding that 76% of the mothers in the study expressed concerns about the health of their children. Once they had left the refuge there was significant loss to th e follow up systems as 15% were untraceable and25% returned to the home of the original perpetrator.The study documents the fact that this particular group had both high level of need for support and also a poor level of access to appropriate services. In the study conclusions, the authors make the pertinent comment that the time worn-out(a) in the refuge offers a window of opportunity for the family support services to make contact and to review health and child developmental status.This is not a demographically small group. In the UK, over 35,000children and a parent, are recorded as passing through the refuges each year, with at least a similar number also being referred to other types of safe accommodation. Such measures are clearly not undertaken lightly with the average woman only entering a refuge after an average of 28separate assaults. One can only speculate at the long term effects that this can have on both the mother and the children.Suggestions for improvementIn common with the other papers reviewed, this paper also calls for greater levels of support for the families concerned as, by inference, the current levels of effectiveness of the family support services is clearly inadequate.ConclusionsThis review has specifically presented a number of papers which have been chosen from a much larger number that have been accessed and assessed, because of the fact that each has a particularly important issue or factor in its construction or results.The issue that we have set out to evaluate is the effectiveness of the family support services which are specifically aimed at reducing the stress levels for the parents of children in need. Almost without exception, all of the papers that have been accessed (quite apart from those presented) have demonstrate the fact that the levels of support from the statutory bodies is less than optimum and in some cases it can only be described as dire. other factor that is a common finding, is that, given the fact that a ny welfare system is, by its very nature, a rationed system, the provision of the services that are provided is seldom targeted at the groups that need it the most. One can cite the Tickler (et al 2000)and Downey (et al 1999) papers in particular as demonstrating that substantial attribute of the resources mobilised are actually being directed to groups that are either not requesting support or who demonstrably need it less than other sectors of the community. Some of the papers (actually a small proportion) make positive suggestions about the models for redirecting and targeting support. Sadly, the majority do little more than call for more research to be done on the issue.In overview, we would have to conclude that the evidence suggests that the effectiveness of the family support services in reducing stress and poverty for the parents of children in need is poor at best and certainly capable of considerable improvement.ReferencesBassuk, E., Buckner, J., Weiner, L., et al (1997) Homelessness in female-headed families childhood and adult risk and protective factors. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 241248 1997Berwick D 2005 broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005 14 315 316.Black D. 1996 Childhood bereavement distress and long term sequelae can be lessened by early intervention. BMJ 1996 312 1496Black D. 1998 Coping with loss bereavement in childhood. BMJ 1998 316 931-933BPA 1999 British Paediatric Association. Outcome measures for child health. London Royal College of PaediatricEffectiveness of Support for Children in Homeless FamiliesEffectiveness of Support for Children in Homeless FamiliesThe whole issue of parents and children in need is a vast, complex and ethically challenging one. This review is specifically charged with an examination of those issues which impinge upon the stresses and strains that are experienced by parents of children in need.A superficial examination of these issues that are inv olved in this particular area would suggest that there are a number of sub-texts which can all give rise to this particular situation. Firstly, to have child in need is clearly a stressful situation for any parent.(Meltzer H et al. 1999)This can clearly be purely a financial concern and a reflection of the fact that the whole family is in financial hardship, perhaps due to the economic situation or perhaps due to the actions of the parents themselves. Equally the need of the child can be a result of anon-financial need, so we should also consider the child who is in some way handicapped, ill, emotionally disturbed or perhaps in need in some other way. This produces another type of stress on the parent, and these stresses are typically longer lasting and, in general, less easily rectified than a purely financial consideration of need. (Hall D1996).It is part of the basic ethos of the welfare state that it should look after its less able and disadvantaged members. (Welsh Office 1997). Parents of children in need will often qualify in this definition. We shall therefore examine the various aspects of this problem.Literature ReviewEffectiveness of family support for children in homeless familiesWe will make a start by considering one type of child in need. The first paper that we will consider is that of Prof. Vostanis (Vostanis2002), which looks at the mental health problems that are faced by deprived children and their families together with the effectiveness of the resources that are available to them.It is a well written and well researched paper, if rather complex and confusing in places. We will consider this paper in some detail as it provides an excellent overview of the whole area.The paper starts with a rather useful definition for our purposes. It qualifies the deprived child, initially in terms of a homeless family, that being A family of any number of adults with dependent children who are statutorily accepted by local authorities (housing departments) in teak, and are usually accommodated for a brief period in voluntary agency, local authority or housing association hostels.This period of temporary accommodation can vary enormously depending on the time of year and the area considered, and can range from a few days to perhaps several months. The target in Greater London is currently storehouse homeless families within 4-6 weeks. In London particularly, the homeless families can be placed in Bed Breakfast accommodation.(D of H 1998)In this respect, the immediate family support mechanisms do appear tube in place. Vostranis however, goes on to make the observation that despite the fact that the definition of the homeless family is rather broad, it does not cover all of the potential children in need, as those children and their carers who have lost their homes but have managed to live with relatives, on the streets or perhaps live as travellers, are not covered by the statutory obligation to provide housing. The official figures t herefore, he observes, are generally an underestimate of the true situation. The official figures for the homeless families are put (in this paper) at 140,000. (Vostanis Cumella, 1999)The authors give us further information in that many families will become homeless again within one year of rehousing and the typical family seen is the single mother and at least two children who are generally under the age of 11 yrs. They also observe that the typical father and adolescent child tend to be placed in homeless centres. (Doff H 1995)In exploration of the particular topic that we are considering, the authors give us the situations that typically have given rise to the degree of parental stress that may have led to the homelessness. They point to the fact that a homeless family is usually homeless for different reasons to the single homeless adult. Vostanis (et al 1997)is quoted as showing that 50% of the cases studied were homeless as direct result of domestic violence and 25% as a resul t of harassment from neighbours. The authors observe that the numbers in this category(and therefore the problems), are rising. (Welsh Office 1999).There are a number of section to this paper which are not directly referable to our considerations. We shall therefore direct our attention purely to those parts that have a direct bearing on the subject. One particularly useful and analytical part of the paper is the section that details the characteristics and needs of the target group. This is a very detailed section, but it makes the point that the children in need in this group are particularly heterogeneous, generally all with multiple and inter-related needs. Homelessness is seldom a one off event. This particular observation, (say the authors),is crucially important for the development and provision of services.Most families have histories of previous chronic adversities that constitute risk factors for both children and parents (Bassuk et al,1997). Such events include family con flict, violence and breakdown limited or absent networks for family and social support recurring moves poverty and unemployment. Mothers are more likely to have suffered abuse in their own childhood and adult life and children have increased rates of placement on the at-risk child protection register, because of neglect, physical and/or sexual abuse.If we specifically consider the health needs of this population, the authors categorise them thusThe children are more likely to have a history of low birthweight, anaemia, dental decay and delayed immunisations, to be of lower stature and have a greater degree of nutritional stress. They are also more likely to suffer accidents, injuries and burns. (BPA 1999)Some studies have found that child health problems increase with the duration of homelessness, although this finding is not consistent. Substantial proportion of homeless children have delayed development compared with the general population of children of a similar chronological ag e. This includes both specific developmental delays, such as in receptive and expressive language and visual, motor and reading skills, as well as general skills and educational status (Webbet al. 2001).It is for this reason specifically, that it has proved extremely difficult to assess the effectiveness of the family support services because of the multivariate nature of the problems that are presented.The authors point to the fact that one of the prime determinants of the degree of support available, is the actual access that the families have to these services. Many sources (viz. Wilkinson R 1996), equate the poor health of the disadvantaged primarily with the lack of access to services. One immediate difficulty is the current registration system in the UK. In order to be seen in the primary healthcare team setting, one must be registered with a named doctor. In the majority of cases that we are dealing with here, they have moved area and registration is probably not high on thei r list of priorities. One can argue that there is the access to the A E departments of the local hospitals but there is virtually no continuity here and they arena geared up to provide anything other than immediate treatment. (HallD 1996).This fact restricts their access to primary healthcare team procedures such as immunisations and other preventative medicine health clinics.(Lissauer et al, 1993) . By the same token these groups also have restricted access to the social services, whether they be the access teams, the family teams or the family support units and other agencies.The authors also point to other more disruptive trends in this group such as an inability to attend a particular school for fear of being tracked by an abusive partner. It follows that these children do not have a stable social support of a school. They are denied such factors as peer groups, routines and challenges which are both important protective and developmental factors. (Shankleman J et al2000).The s ummation of all of these factors, and others, is that the effectiveness of the family support services is greatly reduced by the mobility and the transient nature of the family unit. Quite apart from the difficulties outlined above relating to the problems of access to avenues of help open to the child in need and their families there are the problems engendered by the fact that social service departments indifferent areas of the country may not have immediate access to the previous records giving rise to many potential, and real, problems with continuity of care. This problem is brought into more immediate focus when one considers the increased frequency of child protection registrations in this particular group. (Hall D et al 1998).One specific analysis of the family support services of this particular group comes in the form of the psychiatric services. In the context of the title of this piece, it demonstrates how these particular services,(but not these alone), are failing to d eal with the totality of the problem.All of the aspects that we have outlined so far are conspiring to dilute the effectiveness of the services provided. The fact that they are a mobile population with no fixed address means that some of the services may choose to invoke this as a reason for not making provision for them, particularly if resources are stretched. If more resources are given, then they are typically preferentially targeted at the single adult homeless population where the need is arguably greater.The authors of this paper point to the fact that this may not actually be true as some studies have shown that homeless single mothers and their children have a 49% psychopathy rate and only an 11% contact with the support services. (Cumella et al, 1998). The impact of this fact on the children can only be imagined. To an extent however, it can be quantified as the authors cite other studies which show a 30% need rating for children, (they do not actually define exactly what their perceived level of need was), contrasted with a 3% contact rate for children and adolescents in this area. (viz. Power S et al. 1995).Suggestions for improvementPutting these considerations together, the authors outline a set of proposals which are designed to help improve the access to some of the essential services. The model that they propose could, if successful and with a degree of modification, prove suitable for adaptation to other areas of the family support services. It is not appropriate to discuss this model in detail, but suffice it to say that it has tiered structure so that the degree of distress and need is titrated against the degree of input generated.One of the reasons that we have selected this particular paper to present in this context is for its last section. It proposes a family support services model which has been developed and pioneered in the Leicester area. In the context of our review, it is worth considering in some detail.A service provided throu gh a family support team (four family support assistants).This is designed to detect a range of problems at the time of crisis manage a degree of mental health problems (behavioural and emotional) provide parenting-training support and train housing(hostel) staff co-ordinate the work of different agencies and provide some continuity after rehousing by ensuring intake by appropriate local services.The family workers are based at the main hostel for homeless children and families. Other, predominantly voluntary, services have established alternative posts, such as advocates and key workers. Whatever the title of the post, it is essential that the post-holder has some experience and on-going training in mental health and child protection, so that he or she can hold a substantial case-load, rather than merely mediate between already limited services.The family support workers have direct access to the local child and adult mental health services, whose staff provide weekly outreach clin ics. Their role is to work with the family support workers another agencies, assess selected children and families, and provide treatment for more severe problems or disorders such as depression, self-harm and PTSD. A weekly inter-agency liaison meeting at the main hostel is attended by a health visitor, representatives of the local domestic violence service and Sure Start, There are also close, regular links with education welfare and social services. The aim is to effectively utilise specialist skills by discussing family situations from all perspectives at the liaison meeting.A bimonthly steering group, led by the housing department, involves senior managers representing these agencies, as well as the education and social services departments and the voluntary sector, and they oversee and co-ordinate the service.This appears to be something of an exemplar in relation to services provided elsewhere. The paper does not provide any element of costing sin this area neither does it pr ovide any figures in relation to its success rates, contact rates or overall effectiveness. In conclusion this paper is an extremely well written and authoritative overview of the situation relating to the stresses of the homeless parent with children and the effectiveness (or lack of it) in its ability to reduce the stresses experienced by the homeless children in need and their parents. It proposes remedies but sadly it does not evaluate the effectiveness of those remedies.The effectiveness of the support services on families of children with psychiatric morbidityIn order to address these shortcomings we can consider another paper by Tickler (et al 2000). This looks at a similar outreach set up which has been designed to capture the families of children in need who might otherwise slip through the net. This paper is written from different perspective and specifically analyses the effectiveness of these services as they pertain to an entry cohort of 40 families.This particular stud y was set up after preliminary work was done in the Birmingham area with 114 homeless families and this study defined the needs of the families but did not quantify their support systems.(Vostanis et al 1998). This paper set out to identify and measure the support systems available and their effectiveness as far as the families were concerned. The stresses encountered were partly reflected by the incidence of psychiatric morbidity. The mothers in the group were found to have over 50% more morbidity than a matched control group. The children in the group were found to have histories of abuse, living in care, being on the at-risk protection register, delayed communication and higher reported mental health problems. Allot which adds to the general background stress levels. (Kerouac S etal. 1996).This particular study found that despite the psychiatric morbidity in the children, (estimated to be about 30%), and the psychiatric morbidity in the parents, (estimated at about 50%), only 3%o f the children and 10% of the parents had had any significant contactor support from the social services. In this respect, this paper is very useful to our purpose as it quantifies the levels of intervention and access to healthcare resources that this particular group has. By any appreciation, it would be considered woefully inadequate in any society that calls itself civilised. In the terms of the title of this piece, the effectiveness of the family support services is minimal.Suggestions for improvementLike the last paper discussed, this one also considered how best to tackle the problem, and this one is of much greater value to us, as it specifies a response, or intervention, to the problem in much the same way as the Vostranis 2002 paper did, but it makes the same measurements as it did prior to the intervention, and therefore allows us an insight into the actual effectiveness of the intervention.The way this particular study worked was to assess the problem (as it has been pre sented above), devise an intervention strategy and then to measure its effect. This particular study goes to great lengths to actively involve all the appropriate agencies that could help the situation by having a central assessment station that acted as liaison between all of the other resources. In brief, it actively involved liaison with the followingEducation, social services, child protection, local mental health services, voluntary and community organisations to facilitate there-integration of the family into the community, and particularly their engagement with local services following rehousing and training of staff of homeless centres in the understanding, recognition and management of mental illness in children and parents. This is essential, as hostel staff often work in isolation and have little knowledge of the potential severity and consequences of mental health problems in children.It was hoped that, by doing this, it would maximise the impact that the limited resourc es had on reducing the levels of morbidity and stress in the families of the children in need.ResultsThe post intervention results were, by any estimate, impressive considering the historical difficulty of working with this particular group (OHara M 1995). 40 families (including 122 children) were studied in detail. The paper gives a detailed breakdown of the ethnic and demographic breakdown of the group. By far the biggest group were single mothers and children (72%)The results showed that the majority of referrals were seen between1-3 times (55%), with a further 22% being seen 4-6 times. It is reflection of the difficulty in engaging this type of family in need that over 25% did not actually keep their appointments despite the obvious potential benefits that could have been utilised. The authors investigated this group further and ascertained that a common reason for nonattendance was the perception that the psychological welfare of the children was not actually the main concern. The families perceived that their primary needs were rehousing and financial stability. Other priorities identified were that physical health was a greater priority than mental health.The authors also identify another common failing in the social services provision, and that is the general lack of regular contact. They cite the situation where some families cope well initially, apparently glad to have escaped an abusive or violent home situation, but a prolonged stay in a hostel or temporary accommodation may soon precipitate a bout of depression in the parents and behavioural problems in the children of such parents. (Brooks RM et al 1998). They suggest that regular re-visiting of families who have been in temporary accommodation for any significant length of time should be mandatory.This paper takes a very practical overview by pointing out that workability of the system is, to a large extent, dependent on the goodwill of a number of committed professionals. The authors state that this has to be nurtured and they call for sufficient funding must be given to enable this particular model to be extended to a National level.Thus far in the review we have considered the effectiveness of the service provision in the support of the families of the children in need in one specific target grouping, those who are stressed by virtue of the fact that they are homeless. We will now consider the literature on a different kind of family stress, and that is when a parent dies. This leaves the children with a considerable amount of potential emotional baggage and the surviving parent with an enormous amount of stress. (Webb E 1998).Effectiveness of support services in the case of parental bereavementAn excellent paper by Downey (et al 1999) tackles this particular problem with both sensitivity and also considerable rigour. It is a long and complex paper, but the overall aims and objectives are clear from the outset.The structure of the paper is a prospective case study which aims to assess whether the degree of distress suffered by a family during a time of bereavement is in any way linked to the degree of service provision that is utilised.The base line for this study is set out in its first two paragraphs. Parentally bereaved children and surviving parents showed a greater than predicted level of psychiatric morbidity. Boys had greater levels of demonstrable morbidity than did girls, but bereaved mothers showed more morbidity than did bereaved fathers. Children were more likely to show signs of behavioural disturbance when the surviving parent manifested some kind of psychiatric disorder. (Kranzler EM et al 1990).The authors point to the fact that their study shows that the service provision is statistically related to a number of (arguably unexpectedFristad MA et al 1993) factors namelyThe age of the children and the manner of parental death. Children under 5 years of age were less likely to be offered services than older children even though their parents desired it. Children were significantly more likely to be offered services when the parent had committed suicide or when the death was expected. Children least likely to receive service support were those who were not in touch with services before parental death.Paradoxically the level of service provision was not found to be statistically significantly related to either the parental wishes or the degree of the psychiatric disturbance in either the parent orchid. (Sanchez L et al 1994) The service provision did have some statistical relationships but that was only found to be the manner of the parental death and the actual age of the child at the time.The authors therefore are able to identify a mismatch between the perceived need for support and the actual service provision made. Part of that mismatch is found to be due to the inability of the social services and other related agencies to take a dispassionate overview. Elsewhere in the paper the authors suggest that there a re other factors that add to this inequality and they include lack of resources and a lack of specificity in identifying children at greatest risk.(Harrington R 1996)The authors examine other literature to back up their initial precept that bereaved children have greater levels of morbidity. They cite many other papers who have found distress manifesting in the form of anxiety, depression, withdrawal, sleep disturbance, and aggression.(Worden JW et al. 1996) and also psychological problems in later life(Harris T et al. 1996).In terms of study structure, the authors point to methodological problems with other papers in the area including a common failing of either having a standardised measure or no matched control group(Mohammed D et al 2003). They also point to the fact that this is probably the first UK study to investigate the subject using a properly representative sample and certainly the first to investigate whether service provision is actually related to the degree of the pr oblems experienced.The entry cohort involved nearly 550 families with 94 having children in the target range (2-18). With certain exclusions (such as two families where one parent had murdered the other etc.) and no respondents, the final cohort was reduced to 45 families and one target child was randomly selected from each family.It has to be noted that the comparatively large number of on-respondents may have introduced a large element of bias, insofar as it is possible that the families most in need of support were those who were most distressed by the death of a family member and these could have been the very ones who chose not to participate. (Morton V et al2003) The authors make no comment on this particular fact.The authors should be commended for a particularly ingenious control measure for the children. They were matched by asking their schoolteacher to complete an inventory of disturbed behaviour on the next child in the school register after the target child.A large part of the paper is taken up with methodological issues which ( apart from the comments above) cannot be faulted.ResultsIn terms of being children in need, 60% of children were found to have significant behavioural abnormalities with 28% having scores above the 95th centile.In terms of specific service support provision, 82% of parents identified a perceived need for support by virtue of the behaviour of their children. Only 49% of these actually received it in any degree.Perhaps the most surprising statistic to come out of this study waste fact that of the parents who were offered support 44% were in the group who asked for it and 56% were in the group who didnt want it.The levels of support offered were independent of the degree of behavioural disturbance in the child.Suggestions for improvementAs with the majority of papers that we have either presented here or read in preparation for this review, the authors call for a more rationally targeted approach to the utilisation of limited resources. The study also provides us with a very pertinent comment which many experienced healthcare professionals will empathise with, (Black D1996), and that isPractitioners should also be aware that child disturbance may reflect undetected psychological distress in the surviving parent.While not suggesting that this is a reflection of Munchausens syndrome by proxy, the comment is a valid reflection of the fact that parental distress may be well hidden from people outside of the family and may only present as a manifestation of the childs behaviour. (Feldman Met al. 1994)The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that there is considerable gap in the support offered ( quite apart form the effectiveness of that support) in this area of obvious stress for both parents and children. (Black D 1998). This study goes some way to quantifying the level of support actually given in these circumstances.Effectiveness of support in families where there is domestic violenceWe have considered the role of the effectiveness and indeed, even the existence, of adequate support services for the children in need and their parents in a number of different social circumstances. The next paper that we wish to present is an excellent review of the support that is given to another specific sub-group and that is women and children who suffer from domestic violence. Webb and her group (etal 2001) considered the problem in considerable (and commendable) depthThe study itself had an entry cohort of nearly 150 children and their mothers who were resident in a number of hostels and womens refuges that had been the victims of family violence at some stage in the recent past. The study subjected the cohort to a battery of tests designed to assess their physical, emotional and psychological health, and then quantified their access to, and support gained from, the primary healthcare teams and other social service-based support agencies. This study is presented in a long and somet imes difficult tread format. Much of the presentation is (understandably) taken up with statistical, ethical and methodological matters all of which appear to be largely of excellent quality and the result of careful consideration.ResultsThe results make for interesting and, (in the context of this review), very relevant reading. Perhaps one of the more original findings was that nearly 60% of the child health data held by the various refuges was factually incorrect. This clearly has grave implications for studies that base their evidence base on that data set(Berwick D 2005).Of great implication for the social services support mechanisms was the finding that 76% of the mothers in the study expressed concerns about the health of their children. Once they had left the refuge there was significant loss to the follow up systems as 15% were untraceable and25% returned to the home of the original perpetrator.The study documents the fact that this particular group had both high level of need for support and also a poor level of access to appropriate services. In the study conclusions, the authors make the pertinent comment that the time spent in the refuge offers a window of opportunity for the family support services to make contact and to review health and child developmental status.This is not a demographically small group. In the UK, over 35,000children and a parent, are recorded as passing through the refuges each year, with at least a similar number also being referred to other types of safe accommodation. Such measures are clearly not undertaken lightly with the average woman only entering a refuge after an average of 28separate assaults. One can only speculate at the long term effects that this can have on both the mother and the children.Suggestions for improvementIn common with the other papers reviewed, this paper also calls for greater levels of support for the families concerned as, by inference, the current levels of effectiveness of the family suppor t services is clearly inadequate.ConclusionsThis review has specifically presented a number of papers which have been chosen from a much larger number that have been accessed and assessed, because of the fact that each has a particularly important issue or factor in its construction or results.The issue that we have set out to evaluate is the effectiveness of the family support services which are specifically aimed at reducing the stress levels for the parents of children in need. Almost without exception, all of the papers that have been accessed (quite apart from those presented) have demonstrated the fact that the levels of support from the statutory bodies is less than optimum and in some cases it can only be described as dire.Another factor that is a common finding, is that, given the fact that any welfare system is, by its very nature, a rationed system, the provision of the services that are provided is seldom targeted at the groups that need it the most. One can cite the Tic kler (et al 2000)and Downey (et al 1999) papers in particular as demonstrating that substantial proportion of the resources mobilised are actually being directed to groups that are either not requesting support or who demonstrably need it less than other sectors of the community. Some of the papers (actually a small proportion) make positive suggestions about the models for redirecting and targeting support. Sadly, the majority do little more than call for more research to be done on the issue.In overview, we would have to conclude that the evidence suggests that the effectiveness of the family support services in reducing stress and poverty for the parents of children in need is poor at best and certainly capable of considerable improvement.ReferencesBassuk, E., Buckner, J., Weiner, L., et al (1997) Homelessness in female-headed families childhood and adult risk and protective factors. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 241248 1997Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence -based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005 14 315 316.Black D. 1996 Childhood bereavement distress and long term sequelae can be lessened by early intervention. BMJ 1996 312 1496Black D. 1998 Coping with loss bereavement in childhood. BMJ 1998 316 931-933BPA 1999 British Paediatric Association. Outcome measures for child health. London Royal College of Paediatric